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SKETCH 

OF TEfi 

jReto anatomg anD P&psiologg 

OF THE 

BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM 

OF 

DRS. GALL AND SPURZHEIM, 

CONSIDERED AS COMPREHENDING A COMPLETE SYSTEM OF 

WITH OBSERVATIONS ON ITS TENDENCY TO THE IM- 
PROVEMENT OF EDUCATION, OF PUNISHMENT, 
AND OF THE TREATMENT OF INSANITY. 



REPRINTED FROM THE PAMPHLETEER, 
WITH ADDITIONS. 



BY THOMAS FORSTER, F.L.S. 

OF CORP. CH. COLL. CAMBRIDGE. 

AUTHOR OF RESEARCHES ABOUT ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENA, 
OBSERVATIONS ON THE SWALLOW — NOTES TO THE 
DIOSEMEAOF ARATUS — PHYSIOLOGICAL 
REFLECTIONS, &C. 



y?i 



* LONDON : 

SOLD BY 

MESSRS. LAW AND WHITTAKER; LONGMAN AND CO.- 

LACKINGTON AND CO.; F. C. AND J. RJVINGTON ; 

BALDWIN AND CO.; AND UNDERWOQD, 

LONDON; MACREDIE AND CO. 

EDINBURGH. 



//ff.tM, 



f*1° 



i ? :ft 



PREFACE. 



Most of the Observations contained in the 
following sheets were originally published in 
a short tract in the Pamphleteer, No. IX. 
Desirous of making them, however, more 
public, and of giving a greater number of per- 
sons the opportunity of acquiring a general 
view of the new System of the Anatomy and 
Physiology of the Brain, the novelty whereof 
has excited so much public interest of late, 
and the culture whereof seems pregnant 
with such important consequences to So- 
ciety, some of my friends expressed a wish 



that it might be printed off separately 
with additional observations, and a descrip- 
tion of the particulars rather more enlarg- 
ed. All I have therefore to offer to the 
world herein is a compendious outline of 
a series of discoveries in the natural his- 
tory of man, and of other animated beings, 
made by Drs. Gall and Spurzheim, but 
confirmed by numerous others who have 
followed their mode of enquiry into the 
principles of animal organization, and its 
various functions. And I trust it will cause 
those who are qualified for a deeper invest- 
igation of the subject, to follow it up by a 
perusal of the more copious and detailed 
observations of Dr. Spurzheim in his recent 
work on the Physiognomical System ; and 
by attendance on the demonstrative courses 
of Lectures, which he is now givirfg in 
London. Because I believe this to be the 
only means of acquiring a practical and 



Vll 



consequently useful knowledge of the Phy- 
siology of the Brain. 

Previous to the aboveraentioned anato 
mists, the structure of the brain and nerv- 
ous system being unknown, the Physiology 
was consequently only founded on imper- 
fect views, and the observation of a few 
scattered facts. The light of Science was 
however rising, and the students of nature 
began to foresee that in these investigations 
the true principles of actions, both autom- 
atic and animal, must be sought for. Pursu- 
ing continually the true method of philoso- 
phizing by inferring cause and effect from 
the regular conjunction of phenomena, and 
by the use of reasonable analogy, and exert- 
ing their industry through laborious dissec- 
tions of the Brain and Nerves, and through 
a most extensive examination of living 
beings, regardless of the ignorance, the pre- 



Vlll 



judices, and the jealousies of their contem- 
poraries, and surmounting by perseverance 
every opposition they met with, Gall and 
Spurzheim at length announced the solu- 
tion of the Problem, which Richerand had 
anticipated as the ultimate achievement of 
Physiology ; and pointed out a method, the 
physical structure of the individual being 
given, to find the moral and intellectual 
qualities. 



SKETCH, 



An intimate knowledge of the nature of 
the human mind, and of the principles of 
the actions of Man, has ever been regarded 
as the most important object of research, 
to which Philosophy could aspire. And 
consequently we find, that moral philosophy 
comprising inquiries into the nature of mind, 
has engaged the attention of reflecting per- 
sons in all ages. It is, however, equally 
clear, that the systems of different philoso- 
phers, who have employed their ken on 
these subjects, ha^g hitherto usually been 



10 



contradictory and futile. And this circum- 
stance has arisen, in our opinion, from the 
peculiar manner in which Man has always 
been studied. Naturalists, in examining 
the nature of different animals, have gone 
on a much more rational plan of investi- 
gation, than philosophers, who have ex- 
amined Man. The former, in examining 
the nature of an animal, have observed its 
peculiar habits, with all the circumstances 
under which it may act, and compared the 
habits with the structure. Thus animals 
are classed according to certain generic and 
specific characters, both respecting struc- 
ture and habits. And the naturalist ad- 
mits peculiar instincts, or propensities, 
arising from the organization of each ani- 
mal, as the cause of its character. These 
instincts Nature has adapted to the plan of 
life proposed for each species. Just so then 
should Man be studied, and in every indi- 
vidual in whom there is a diversity in the 
character and actions, we should have 
looked for some differences in the primitive 
construction of his animal system. I shall 



11 



not dwell on the erroneous ways in which 
different writers have studied human nature, 
as these are fully treated of by Dr. Spurz- 
heim, in his recent work on the Physiog- 
nomical System ; and as they cannot be 
comprehended by the few pages, and few 
days, allotted to me for these sheets, I shall 
merely observe, that the system of the Phi- 
losophy of mind before my consideration 
professes to treat of Man in the aforemen* 
tioned manner ; and that it differs in this 
respect from former systems of Philosophy. 

There are certain leading doctrines of the 
New System of Zoonomy, to which, though 
they have been deduced from facts hereafter 
to be related, it may be right to advert as 
preliminary to the descriptive part of these 
observations, because they will prepare the 
reader, in some measure, for the considera- 
tion of the particular facts, by presenting 
to him a view of the general principles. I 
shall therefore divide the subject into the 
following distinct considerations. 



n 



The General Principles of the System. 
The History of the Discoveries whereon the 
system is founded. The Anatomical Struc- 
ture of the Brain and Nerves. The divi- 
sion of the Brain into separate organs, and 
their respective place, and the Physiology 
of each. They are divided into, 1st. the 
organs of the propensities ; and 2nd. those 
of the sentiments, constituting what the 
French call L'Ame, and the Germans Ge- 
miith ; 3dly. the knowing faculties ; and 
4thly, the reflecting faculties, constituting 
what the French call L' Esprit, the Ger- 
mans Gheist, and the English the Intellect. 
I shall then briefly consider, — The Appli- 
cation of this system to Education ; as re- 
gards, 1st. the cultivation of the intellect, 
and 2dly, the regulation of the moral cha- 
racter. The influence it will have on the 
mode of adapting to malefactors in houses 
of correction a punishment commensurate 
to their peculiar vices. And the improve- 
ment of the treatment of insane persons, at 
present so much neglected. In the course 
of these observations, I shall briefly notice 



13 



some of the popular objections made to the 
new Anatomy and Physiology of the Brain, 
with the proper answers to each. 



SECTION I. 

Of the General Principle** 

THE first principle of this doctrine is, that 
all the faculties of the mind are innate, or 
in other words, that there are material con- 
ditions of all the different manifestations of 
the mind. 

Two objections have been made to this 
assertion, namely, 1st. that it leads to Fa- 
talism, and 2dly, that it is favorable to Ma- 
terialism. To which it must be replied, 
1st. That although we have material organs 
of the different faculties of the mind, yet this 
circumstance does not make the proper ac- 



14 



tions of each organ necessary and irresisti- 
ble. On the contrary, we admit an ar- 
rangement of certain organs, which gives 
Will, and that we can thereby control 
our propensities and sentiments, for the 
attainment of a moral character, and can 
direct our intellectual faculties in the 
acquirement of knowledge. The objec- 
tion therefore falls to the ground, which 
accuses our doctrine of supporting that of 
Fatalism. 2d. It may be replied, that 
though the organs of the mind are material, 
we do not identify them with the mind ; 
they are only the material conditions of the 
particular manifestations of the mind. Fu- 
tile therefore are the objections which im- 
pute to our doctrine the charge of incul- 
cating Materialism. 

The organs are active during the mani- 
festation of the faculties; but they must 
have a moving principle, which, I think, 
we may rationally call the mind. I regard 
the mind as always acting by means of 
organs. It is therefore conscious by mate- 



15 



rial conditions, but this is not making the 
mind material. Nature has adapted organs 
fitted for the performance of all the func- 
tions of the mind, and these organs vary in 
every animal, according to its particular 
nature ; and in every individual, according 
to its peculiarities of character. 

There are cases, in which particular 
organs are so strong, in proportion to the 
rest, that certain propensities can hardly 
be controlled by the Will, and there are 
others, in which important organs are want- 
ing; but these cases must be referred to 
original malformation, and classed among 
hereditary disorders. Almost every being 
is intitled to some respect, and may be of 
some use in society ; and the view, which 
Zoonomy presents of Nature, inclines us 
to benevolence, must humble the pride of 
the arrogant and lofty, lead to indulgence 
of the failings of others, and promote libe- 
rality towards mankind. For it shows how 
one individual cannot think and act pre- 
cisely as another does ; how much error is 



16 



to be pitied, and how important a duty it 
is to endeavour to counteract by education 
in infancy the original defects of organiza- 
tion. It also shows the importance of a 
judicious selection of partners in marriage, 
since it has ever been \rell known, what 
our doctrine confirms, and sagacious natu- 
ralists have always taught, namely, that 
defects of organization, and therefore the 
first conditions of characters, are hereditary. 
By indulging evil propensities in ourselves, 
too, we may strengthen the disproportion 
of organs, which ought to be in a certain 
relation to each other. This defective or- 
ganization may be handed down to pos- 
terity ; and thus we see how the evil of the 
father ma} r be visited on the children, even 
unto the third and fourth generation. 

The second principle of the system is, that 
the organs exist independently of each other, 
and that there is no proportion between 
them. It is not necessary, therefore, be- 
cause a person has the organ of one faculty 
very strong, that he shall therefore have 



17 



any other well proportioned. This ac- 
counts for the great disproportion between 
the different faculties in the same person, 
and confutes the vulgar prejudice, that a 
man must be naturally just, because he is 
benevolent ; or that because a man is a 
mathematician, he therefore could have 
been a poet, or a linguist, if he had given 
attention to Composition or to Philology : 
an error, alas, too common, as it seems to 
have caused many academies of instruction 
to erect one particular science as a stand- 
ard and test of excellence of intellect in 
general. This consideration of the plurality 
and the frequent disproportion of the organs 
explains particular genius; and shows that a 
head, most perfect, is one which contains the 
greatest number of organs in the greatest 
perfection. It must be remembered, that 
every individual of the same species, except 
idiots, are possessed of all the organs, and 
the difference between persons consists in 
the different degree and proportion of the 
developement of the parts, and in the de- 
gree of their activity. 

Cran, B 



18 



Sdly. Though the relative bigness of the 
different organs, which is innate, or born 
with us, is usually preserved through life; 
yet their activity is greatly to be increased 
or diminished by exercise, or by want of 
excitement: hence education is important. 
Even the bigness itself seems capable of 
being in some degree augmented by early 
exercise. 

4thly. We may say that there are four 
considerations which belong to an organ, 
when we regard it as an instrument of a 
faculty — 1st. Its size, which is the most 
important, and is marked on the outside 
of the head. — 2d. The degree of activity. 
This generally belongs to the nervous sys- 
tem in general, or may be increased in any 
particular organ by exercise. — 3d. The 
particular sort of affection. For there ap- 
pear to be different affections in the same 
organs, though we do not know exactly, at 
present, whether they are performed by the 
same fibres : and there seem to be many 
strange idiosyncracies in the affection of 



19 



organs. Lastly, we must consider the mu- 
tual influence of the organs on each other. 

5thly. The organs, and indeed all other 
nerves, are nourished like every other part 
of the body, and are liable to general and 
to particular diseases of structure ; and 
to die, or become inactive, either separately 
or together, according to circumstances. 
Thus a man loses some faculties before 
others, and the mental infirmities of age 
are often partial. I cannot help observing 
here an impropriety of expression, which 
is very common, and consists in calling 
age a second childishness : whereas, nothing 
can in reality be more different. Child- 
hood is a state in which the organs have 
not yet gained knowledge, for want of 
experience. Age, a state in which expe- 
rience is futile, from the decay of organi- 
zation. A fancied similarity of effects is 
produced by quite opposite causes. 

6thly, and lastly. The size and figure of 
the scull are conformable to that of the 



20 



brain; hence the organs are indicated on 
the outside of the head. It has been ob- 
jected, that there are irregularities in the 
thickness of the scull ; but these are too 
insignificant to puzzle the experienced 
craniologist. Dissection has proved a de- 
termined relation between the external 
form and the developement of the organs 
within the cranium. 

It must be remembered, that these ob- 
servations have been extended to compa- 
rative anatomy, and have proved that the 
strictest analogy is maintained throughout 
all the creation. Where animals have pro- 
pensities in common with Man, they have 
corresponding parts of the Brain. In future 
all the classes, orders, genera, species, and 
varieties of animals must be arranged ac- 
cording to the Brain and Nervous System, 



21 



SECTION II. 

Of the Hhtory of the Discoveries, 

The history of the discoveries of Gall is 
very interesting, and may be found in his 
lame work. It tends to show that the or- 
gans, and their respective places, and the 
connection between them and the facul- 
ties were discovered entirely by acci- 
dent. Dr. Gall does not appear to have 
projected any part of his system, like a 
theorist, but to have arrived at the general 
results, or the philosophy of the mind, in 
consequence of deductions from the multi- 
plied observation of facts made by himself 
and his learned colleague, Dr. Spurzheim : 
a circumstance, which ought particularly 
to be remembered ; because from the xery 
natural arrangement of the organs, which in 
fact proves strongly the correctness of the 
theory, some persons might be induced to 
suspect that he had planned out a map of 



22 



the head, previously to discovering the real 
seats of the particular faculties. 

For we shall see that the organs are 
grouped together according to the mutual 
relation of their functions. Thus the organ 
of Veneration is situated between Benevo- 
lence, Believingness, Determinateness and 
Righteousness. The organ of Amative* 
Hess close to that which causes us to protect 
our progeny, and so on, of others. 

Dr. Gall first observed, when only a 
student, that many of his condisciples, who 
were inferior to himself in reflecting powers, 
nevertheless greatly excelled him in the 
memory of languages. Others in local me- 
mory and so forth. He then noticed a differ- 
ence in the forms of their heads, and by 
repeating and extending his observations 
for many years, he discovered by degrees 
the particular prominences of parts which 
indicated the greater or less developement of 
the convolutions of the brain below them, 
and which thus became indices of the dif~ 



23 



ferent faculties of the mind. These obser- 
vations were daily extended by him and his 
colleague, and I have myself paid particular 
attention to this subject, and can say that 
none of us have ever found one single ex- 
ception to the rules; that is, we have never 
found a strong faculty existing without its 
respective organ being marked on the scull. 
Our adversaries ma}' say what they please 
against the truth of the system ; but we 
shall constantly advert to these facts as liv- 
ing proofs of its correctness ; and only re- 
quest an opportunity of pointing out well 
marked cases to those who being sceptical 
are at the same time really desirous of ob- 
taining information of the truth. 

It has been said, that the facts are not 
new; and that the different forms which 
the ancients gave to the busts of gladiators, 
poets, philosophers, &c. show the antiquity 
of the doctrine. We admit this as a colla- 
teral proof. Thus the new discoveries which 
have been perfected, and have become a 
system, confirm the observations of the an- 



24 



cients, whose skill taught them to imitate 
from nature, forms of which no Philosophy 
had as yet shown them the cause. 



SECTION III. 

Of the Anatomical Structure of the Brain. 

It would be impossible in these sheets to 
enter into the detail of the anatomical 
structure of the Brain: such an account 
would fill a large volume ; I must be con- 
tented, therefore, to state a few of the lead- 
ing facts, and to refer the professional reader 
for particulars to the large work published 
in France, entitled, " Anatomic et Physio- 
logic du systeme nerveux en general et du 
Cerveau en partieulier," wherein will* be 
found a very scientific developement of the 
hitherto unexplored structure of the Brain 
and Nerves. 



25 



Before the time of Gall, the minute Ana- 
tomy "of the Brain was quite unknown. Ana- 
tomists set about the investigation of it in a 
manner which would never have led to any 
useful results. They made horizontal slices 
of this organ with the scalpel, and only mu- 
tilated its parts without displaying its struc- 
ture. The very names given to the different 
parts of the organ, showed how very imper- 
fect were their views of its structure and 
functions. They talked of the medullary or 
central mass, of the cortical covering, and 
used other terms equally erroneous. Gall 
and Spurzheim, by a method of dissection 
entirely new, have at length unfolded the 
parts of the Brain, and shown that its 
structure is fibrous, and that the manner of 
dissecting it caused former anatomists to 
mistake the middle parts for medullary sub- 
stance. Indeed so erroneous were the 
views and descriptions of this organ, that 
anatomists have even compared its sub- 
stance to boiled rice, to paste and to other 
inorganic masses. The new anatomy has 
not only shown the fibrous structure of the 



26 



Brain, but has proved the most exact uni- 
formity of nature, in the structure of the 
Nervous Systems of animals throughout the 
creation. All nervous parts are constructed 
on a uniformity of principle, with varieties 
adapted to the peculiar function of each. 
The cineritious substance seems proved to 
be the instrument of production for the 
nervous fibre ; the quantity of this substance 
about the origin of every nervous filament 
is commensurate to the body of the nerve, 
which issues therefrom. It is the nidus of 
the nerve ; the same substance is found in 
the different ganglia which are the appara- 
tus of increment. There is a proportion be- 
tween every nerve, and the cineritious sub- 
stance with which it is connected, either at 
its origin, or by its ganglia. 

Every nerve, to use Dr. Spurzheim's 
words, exists for itself, and the assemblages 
of nervous fibres, which compose the brain, 
are produced, encreased, and exist in a 
manner similar to other nerves. And there 
is no determinate proportion observed be- 



27 



tween the parts of the Brain. The nervous 
fibres, which compose both the Cerebrum 
and Cerebellum, are divided into the diverg- 
ing and the converging fibres. The former 
take their origin about that part usually 
called the medulla oblongata. They origi- 
nate in the cineritious substance. The 
fibres which compose the intellectual or- 
gans, and are distributed eventually to the 
anterior parts of the Brain, arise in the an- 
terior pyramids, and there decussate each 
other ; a circumstance which explains the 
reason why apoplexy on the front part of the 
Brain affects the opposite side of the body. 
The fibres which compose the posterior 
parts, arise posteriorly in the medulla ob- 
longata, and do not cross each other. Thefor- 
mer have a ganglion of increase in the Pons 
Varolii or near the grand commissure of the 
Cerebellum. They pass through the corpo- 
ra striata, and are eventually embedded in 
the cineritious covering of the Intellectual 
Organs, 1 which may be regarded as their 

1 I make this description imperfect, though not erro- 



28 



ultimate ganglion. The remaining fibres 
from the posterior parts of the medulla ob- 
longata pass behind the commissure of the 
cerebellum, but not in the same manner. 
They pass into what was formerly regarded 
to be the thalami of the optic nerve, and are 
spent on the organs of the Sentiments aad 
Propensities. The fibres of the Cerebellum 
originate also in the medulla oblongata. The 
commissures of the Brain, Corpus Callosum, 
&c. are the means of the converging fibres, 
whereby the parts of two hemispheres are 
brought into communication. I purposely 
avoid being particular in the anatomical 
description, as well in order that people 
may examine Dr. Spurzheim/s work, as for 
want of room. The origin of the optic 
nerves from the anterior pair of the Corpora 
Quadrigemina,the office of the old thalamus 
as an apparatus of increase ; and in gene- 
ral the total difference in the views of the 



neous. For the professional student must examine for 
himself the large work, and also the brain in dissection. 



29 



Era in and nerves which this short observa- 
tion must excite, will, I hope, invite and fa- 
cilitate enquiry. The anatomical reader will 
of course remember, while I am speaking of 
the organs, that all the parts are double, 
there being two hemispheres, and that they 
are brought into communication. 

I have heard that some professional per- 
sons, who are averse to the new doctrines, 
have even gone so far as to deny the cor- 
rectness of some parts of the anatomical 
descriptions. I have examined them com- 
pletely and repeated!)', both by a perusal of 
the large work of Drs. Gall and Spurzheim, 
and by corresponding dissections of the 
Brain ; and I am convinced of their cor- 
rectness. And I think that more may yet 
be done by the repeated investigations of 
future anatomists. I beo; leave also to re- 
fer the reader to the collateral testimony of 
my friend Dr. Leach, Zoologist at the Bri- 
tish Museum, in a familiar letter from him, 
which I shall insert at the end of this pam- 
phlet. Avoiding, for reasons before assigned, 



30 



a minute account of the Anatomy of the 
Brain, I may advert, before I proceed to 
the consideration of the organs, to the cir- 
cumstance, that before I ever heard of the 
discoveries of Dr. Gall, and while pursuing 
comparative Anatomy by dissection, I was 
much struck with the generic forms, if I 
may so express myself, of the heads of ani- 
mals ; and though I knew not the reason 
why in particular genera certain parts of 
the Brain were most developed, being 
then unacquainted with the organology, 
I nevertheless felt persuaded, and used to 
say, that if the structure and functions ot 
the Brain were properly known, they would 
become the basis of all systematic classifi- 
cations of animated beings. While study- 
ing the Brain, and deploring how little 
minute anatomists had done towards a 
physiological history of the mind and its 
faculties, founded on the anatomy of the 
Brain ; and hearing the futility of the en- 
quiry so often descanted on in lectures, I 
was not aware that at this very time a 
beautiful dissection of thestnictuie of the 



31 



Brain was made in Germany, and preparing 
for publication in France, 



SECTION IV. 

Of the material organs of the manifestations 
of the mind. 

The Brain has always been regarded as the 
organ of the mind. And the ancient opi- 
nions respecting this organ, which were 
drawn from conjecture and analogy, differ 
from those which Gall and Spurzheim have 
drawn from Anatomy and experience, inas- 
much as the latter regard it not as one 
simple organ, but as an assemblage of dif- 
ferent organs, which are the material in- 
struments of the various manifestations of 
the mind. There is no proportion between 



32 



these organs. They vary in size* in ac- 
tivity, and in mutual influences in different 
individuals. And the diversity of organi- 
zation, combined with the influence of edu- 
cation, constitutes the innumerable varie- 
ties of character both of men and of ani- 
mals. They are divided into 1. the or- 
gans of the Propensities ; 2. those of the 
Sentiments ; 3. those of the Knowing 
Intellectual Faculties: and 4. those of the 
Reflecting Intellectual Faculties. Subdi- 
visions may still be made. 



OF 



$emutf), 

OR I/AME: 



DIVIDED INTO PROPENSITIES AND 
SENTIMENTS. 



OF THE PROPENSITIES, 



I. The Organ of itLmative?iess* 

Next to nutrition for the support of the 
individual, generation for the preservation 
of the species becomes the most impor- 
tant function in the animal oeconomy; 
consequently we find a very large and 
well secured organ appointed by Nature to 
give this propensity, and to incite the sexes 
thereby to propagate their kind, and to mul- 
tiply themselves on the earth. The Cere- 

Crcrn. C 



34 



bellum or little brain is the organ of this 
propensity, and its great size in proportion 
to the other organs is a fact quite conform- 
able to an acknowledged law of physiology, 
namely, that the larger organs are appro- 
priated to the more important functions of 
the animal system. This organ causes 
erotic desires in general, and excites the 
generative apparatus to the performance of 
its ultimate functions. 

Dr. Gall first discovered that the Cere- 
bellum was the organ of this propensity by 
accident. He noticed its great size in a 
woman whose anjprous character was well 
known. He multiplied his observations on 
a very extensive scale, and constantly found 
the size of this part to agree with the 
strength of the propensity. In general, 
the male of all animals has this organ larger 
than the female. We consider no truth in 
natural history more fully established than 
that the Cerebellum is the organ of this 
propensity. It is founded on the most 
extensive examination of facts both in men 
and animals. The reader may consult Dr. 



35 



Spurzheim's large work. Among the many 
collateral proofs which we have received of 
the place and destination of this organ, I 
shall mention only a few, as we insist on the 
fact of the constant correspondence between 
its size and the character of the individual 
as the most positive proof of our correctness 
in regarding them as cause and effect. 
Among other collateral proofs it may he 
mentioned, that wounds in the occiput and 
in the hinder part of the neck have caused 
either a partial suspension of the erotic 
functions in some persons, and in others, 
an excitement attended with circumstances 
of preternatural violence. Hippocrates 
mentions the paralyzing effects of wounds 
on the occiput on the organs of generation. 

The ancients, long before the particular 
seats of the organs of the brain were known, 
had some imperfect notion of the relation 
between this part and the erotic propensity. 
Virgil commends the bull, Cui plurima 
cervix : l and Apollonius Rhodius represents 

4 Virg. Georg. lib. iii> 



36 



Medea as suffering a violent pain in the 
back of her neck, in consequence of her 
love for Jason. 1 

The most rapid developement of this 
organ is about the age of puberty. The 
beard grows, the voice alters, and the 
cerebellum enlarges/ 



II. Organ of Philoprogenitiveness. 

We find that the organs are placed in a 
certain local relation to each other, accord- 



• Apoll. Rhod. 
Catullus remarks : 

" Non ilium nutrix orienti luce revisens 
Hesterno collum potuit circumdare filo." 

* Columbae aliaeque aves, ante coitum, fceminarmu 
colla infra occiput mordere solent, quasi copulandi cu^ 
pidinem incitarent. Dum canes catuliunt, ipsorum colla 
insolito tepore tumescunt. Plurima facta hujusce generic 
narrare possumus, ad statuendam hujus organi existentiam. 
Sed ad Spurzheim. Phys. Syst. referre volumus. 



37 



ing to the mutual influence of their func- 
tions. Thus the organ which makes us 
love and protect our offspring is situated 
just above that of physical love, which 
causes us to produce them. 

This organ, when large, gives a full and 
prominent occiput : it is larger in female 
than in male animals, and consequently in 
women than in men, and gives the greater 
degree of horizontal length in proportion to 
breadth and vertical depth, which the female 
head has with respect to the male in the 
human subject. There are exceptions to 
every rule; I know men who have this 
organ larger than the generality of women, 
and who manifest the greatest propensity 
to associate with and protect infants. I 
have among my collection of sculls one 
with this organ very remarkably deve^ 
loped. 

This organ is defective in the cuckoo, 
and in other animals to whom Nature has 
not appointed the office of rearing the 



38 



progeny. It is possible in general to dis- 
tinguish the heads of males from those of 
females, by the comparative bigness of this 
organ in the latter. Children have this 
organ in general more developed than 
grown persons. I do not know why this is, 
except it be that Nature intended in large 
families that the larger offspring should 
protect the smaller, instead of oppressing 
them, which pride and selfishness might 
cause them to do, and that they should thus 
cooperate with the mother in the pro- 
tection and care of the family. 

Some very important observations with 
respect to this organ are made by Gall and 
Spurzheim, to which I refer the reader.' 
When the organs of this propensity are 
rather farther asunder than usual, they 
may, like other organs, cause the indicative 
prominence to appear double.* 

* Anat. and Phys. du Syst. &c. 2d vol. 
The Greeks were aware of the distinct nature of Phi- 
loprogenitiveness, and called it Uropyv}. 



39 



III. The Organ of Inhabitiveness 

Is above the former, and below the organ of 
Haughtiness. Its destiny seems to be that 
of giving to animals a propensity to attach 
themselves to particular local situations. 
Examine the head of the chamois which 
lives on the mountains ; the mountain hare, 
&c. ; and compare them as to this part with 
the hare of low countries, and other animals 
which inhabit various situations indifferent- 
ly. A curious and authentic story is re- 
lated by Spurzheim, of the difference of 
rats in this particular, which inhabit the 
cellars, from those which were found to re- 
sort to the elevated parts of the house. 
This faculty is not very active in the human 
subject. 



IV. Organ of Adhesiveness. 

Situated on each side of that of inhabitive* 
ness, and gives a fullness to the lateral pos= 



40 



terior part of the head, produces the pro- 
pensity to attach ourselves to persons, ani- 
mals, and I think other objects. It is, 
therefore, the cause of friendship, moral 
love, and attachment of all kinds : there 
are probably several different affections of 
this organ. Whether or no the different af- 
fections of organs are produced by means of 
the same fibres, has not been yet determin- 
ed. Dogs have this organ often in a con- 
siderable degree. Combined with the organ 
of firmuess and benevolence, it makes a 
sincere friend ; combined with amativeness 
and ideality, a romantic lover. Refer to 
the observations on characters. The ge- 
neral character may be said to be the result 
of the different contending faculties ; it is 
to physiology, what the resolution of motion 
is to mechanics ; the difference of all the 
disturbing forces. 



V. Organ of Combativeness. 

We cannot doubt that there is a natural 
propensity to fight : not only all persons, 



41 



more or less, have this disposition when in- 
sulted ant) provoked, but almost all animals. 
Its external sign is a prominence of the 
occiput behind the ears, on each side philo- 
progenitiveness, and below adhesiveness ; 
we must not mistake the mastoid process 
for the organ. This organ is the seat of 
anger and pugnacity. But the. character of 
the person is the result of the mutual in- 
fluences described below. The abuses of 
this organ contribute essentially to the con- 
stant state of warfare, which from time 
immemorial has drenched the earth with 
blood. 



VI. Organ of Destructiveness. 

This has been wrongly termed organ of 
murder, which crime is in reality only one of 
the abuses of the faculty. The primitive 
function of this organ is to give a propen- 
sity to destroy in general, while accidental 
circumstances determine the object to be 
destroyed; and the mutual influences of 



42 



other organs modify the propensity, which 
in some persons is naturally extremely strong 
and active. I have known some persons, 
even females, who have taken delight in de- 
stroying small animals, from the great size 
of this organ. Its seat is just above the 
ears, and it gives a, prominence to the mid- 
dle part of the temporal bone in the human 
subject, but is more behind the ears in ani- 
mals. In the carnivora it is more developed 
than in the herbivora. In the feline kind, 
which spring on their prey from dht of am- 
bush, the great developement of this organ 
together with that of secretiveness, which is 
another essential part of their character, 
produces that fulness and width about the 
ears, which characterizes at once the whole 
genus. The hair too grows long about this 
part, as if nature had purposely marked out 
the disposition by an external sign too ob- 
vious to be mistaken. Observe the lion, the 
tyger, the cat, and particularly the lyn,x and 
caracal ; and compare them with the sheep* 
the goat, and the hare, in this particular. 



43 



VII. The Organ of Constructkeness. 

The propensity to build, to construct ma- 
chines, &c. which is a primitive faculty, is 
marked on the outside by a fulness behind 
the external angle of the orbit, a little to- 
wards the temples. I refer the curious 
reader to the very interesting facts relative 
to this organ, related by Spurzheim in his 
lectures. By means of it are revealed to 
the geniuses in architecture and construct- 
ion, the useful arts for civilization. The 
mutual influences of other faculties, which 
contribute to the character in this as in 
other cases, determine and modify the ac- 
tivity of this organ. Compare the difference 
of its effects on a large scale, by reviewing 
the majestic architecture of Greece and 
Rome ; the religious gloom of the Gothic 
Cathedral ; the massy pyramids of Egypt ; 
the simple huts of the wild Indian; the 
gable-ended houses of Amsterdam ; the 
stone monuments of the ancient Britons ; 



44 



the mosques of Constantinople ; and the 
whimsical configurations of the temples and 
pagodas of China. To this organ, subject 
to numerous mutual influences, we are 
indebted for all the useful instruments of 
music, of agriculture, and of astronomy ; 
sciences, whereby we gratify and extend 
the functions of other organs; compose 
concerts of musical instruments, till the 
earth, and penetrate into remote space 
with telescopes, and contemplate the posi- 
tion and movements of the celestial bodies. 
Important, indeed, then to society is this 
organ, whose activity we may trace through 
all the costumes of the world, and through 
ever} r building from the hut of a savage to 
the Temple of Solomon; from the Monu^ 
ment by London Bridge to the beautifully 
painted Porcelain Tower at Nankin. The 
beaver builds its hut and birds their nests 
because of this organ, and it is the cause of 
all construction whatever. 



45 



VIII. Organ of Covetiveness, 



Above and more hind ward than the last, 
gives the propensity to appropriate, to have 
of one's own. It is necessary to the ag- 
grandisement and protection of property ; 
but its abuses are robbery, envy, and a 
miserly disposition. In some persons the 
propensity to steal is almost incontrollable : 
when combined with amativeness, jealousy 
is the result. This organ is the cause why 
we are obliged to pay watchmen to be 
walking about all night, to prevent the in- 
cursions of our neighbours. Animals which 
collect grain, &c. have this organ much 
developed. Dogs seem certainly to have 
a positive feeling of property : they protect 
their master's house, and their own bone 
with courage and determination. 



46 



IX. Organ of Secretiveness. 



The propensity to concealment seems, 
like all the others, to be in some measure 
necessary to the nature of man and of many 
animals. And, like others, the most odious 
characters are produced from its abuses ; 
when, to a naturally great developement 
of the organ, the mutual influence of coun- 
teracting sentiments of a superior order is 
wanting. The abuses of this organ are 
lying, slyness, and duplicity of character* 
Its external sign is a fulness of that part of 
the parietal bone, above destructiveness and 
behind covetiveness. I observed, among 
a great number of the North Welsh, very 
little developement of this organ, or of 
covetiveness, while their superior sentiments 
were much developed. Compare, in ani- 
mals, foxes and all those who conceal much 
by nature, with those who do not in respect 
to this organ. 



47 



OF THE SENTIMENTS. 



The sentiments are a different sort of 
faculty from mere propensities, and hold a 
higher rank both physically and virtually 
in the scale of faculties. 



X. Organ of Haughtiness. 

Self-love and pride distinguish some per- 
sons; these have the part of the head, above 
Inhabitiveness and behind Determinative- 
ness, much developed. Gall identified this 
faculty with inhabitiveness, from the ten- 
dency of the latter to carry animals by 
choice into lofty places; but Spurzheim 
differs from him on very solid grounds. 
See the Physiognomical System of the lat- 
ter. He thinks that this faculty is pos- 



48 



sessed by the turkey, the peacock, the 
horse and some other animals. I can dis- 
cover myself in the horse no elevation suffi- 
cient to demonstrate distinctly this faculty ; 
but I yield to Spurzheim's superior know- 
ledge and experience in these matters. The 
faculty is of itself unamiable, and pityable 
are the victims of its too great develope- 
ment. But I have observed that many 
persons are vulgarly accused of this senti- 
ment, who in reality have only philappro- 
bativeness in a great degree. 



XI. Organ of Fhilapprobativeness. 



The desire to be approved of by others 
is a quality of mind very desirable, in a 
certain degree : it contributes to make 
us polite, cleanly and social, and is a 
great stimulus to exertion. Its different 
affections are ambition as in heroes, love of 
ornament as in many females, and in gene- 



49 



ral gives a feeling of liking to be approved. 
Its abuses are — vanity; influenced by 
haughtiness, conceit. With Ideality, Imita- 
tiveness, and Secretiveness, it causes affecta- 
tion. More men are proud and more women 
vain. And these characteristics are pie- 
served in the mental insanities of male and 
of female maniacs. 

XII. Organ of CautiousnesB . 

Makes circumspection and fear of all 
kinds: it is very useful in a certain degree. 
Its external sign is a largeness of the lateral 
and posterior part of the head, above and 
behind secretiveness and laterally below 
righteousness. Stags, weasels, and some 
other animals, have this propensity much 
marked. This organ and that of courage or 
combativeness are quite compatible. A 
man ma} T have the propensity to be cour- 
ageous, and may have also a sentiment of 
cautiousness to temper and regulate his 
temerity. Timidity and terror are its abu- 
ses. When it acts too suddenly, we start. 

Cran. D 



50 



XIII. Organ of Benevolence. 



Benevolence and meekness are the result 
of that part of the brain which, when large, 
causes an elevation in the middle upper 
part of the forehead, just where the hair 
usually begins. This faculty disposes to 
benevolent actions. Where persons really 
have it, their compassion always extends 
to animals. I have found that where this 
was not the case the organ did not exist 
in a great degree, and their benevolent 
pretensions were much to be suspected. 



XIV. Organ of Veneration* 

It was observed that persons, in whom 
the middle upper part of the head, behind 
the organ of Benevolence, and before that 



51 



of Determinateness, was much developed* 
were more disposed for veneration, and ap- 
peared to have a stronger sentiment of reli- 
gion than other persons. Professed atheists, 
on the contrary, have manifested a want of 
this organ ; many had quite a hollow in 
the place of the organ. Some persons have 
objected to a material organ for this pro- 
pensity, and have said that in admitting it 
we make religion quite a material feeling, 
and destroy the merit thereof. AVe think, 
on the contrary, that the establishment of 
an organ, and the consequent inference of 
a special faculty of veneration, shows that it 
is an essential function in the nature of man, 
The Deity in enjoining worship must have 
given also a power and a disposition for it. 
Revealed religion may determine the object 
and form of worship, but the primitive fac- 
ulty of veneration must exist in our nature. 
Thus we see in savage countries, where nei- 
ther the Christian nor Mohammedan relig- 
ion are taught, that this faculty is directed 
towards various imaginary and absurd dei- 
ies. I refer for the answer to objections 



52 



to a book, Sur les dispositions inn£es de 
l'Ame et TEsprit, by Gall and Spurz- 
faeim. 



XV. Organ qf.Believingness. 



Dr. Gall formerly regarded hope and faith 
as affections of several organs. Dr. Spurz- 
heim regards this faculty as separate, and 
to have an organ on each side of Veneration. 
Abundant proofs have established the fact. 
I have called this the organ of Believing- 
ness, because hope is used in different 
senses, and is not the only or the primitive 
faculty. We must not confound, however, 
believingness or the disposition to believe, 
to trust, to have faith, with the philosophical 
belief. Belief, about which J. H. Tooke 
was to have published another 'quarto, 
seems to me to come of Individuality and 
Comparison. Credulity is one abuse of this 
organ. 



53 



XVI. Organ of Ideality, 



When the temples are large in the part 
above Constructiveness and Covetiveness, 
and before and higher than Secretiveness, 
that peculiar feeling of. enthusiasm and 
wildness attendant on imagination exists, 
which constitutes the essential character of 
a poet, qui nascitur, non fit, as the proverb 
says. This organ gives a peculiar energy 
and coloring to the feelings, which can be 
better felt by those who have it strong, than 
described on paper. According to other 
mutual influences this organ has different 
effects on different persons, in the produc- 
tion of character. Examine Milton, Shaks- 
peare, the ancient busts of Homer and 
Virgil, and, in short, poets and men of 
imagination in general. This organ also 
contributes to fanciful and whimsical charac- 
ters, which accounts for the frequent eccen- 
tricity of men of genius. 



54 



Among the desiderata of the physiology 
of the organs may be reckoned, the cause 
why the recollection of past scenes, parti* 
cularly the recurrence to the scenes of 
infancy, produce in many persons such 
vivid and such peculiar sensations as they 
appear to do. We do not at present know 
the reason of this ; hut I think I have ob- 
served, that in many persons who speak of 
having these feelings in a high degree, the 
organs of Ideality and of Adhesiveness are 
much developed. Indeed, on whatever 
principle this pleasing and indescribable 
feeling depends which attends the recurs 
rence to early ideas, it would be height- 
ened by Ideality. I do not know whether 
all persons have this feeling, different persons 
certainly have it in a very different degree, 
and it is felt much more in certain states of 
nervous irritability, than when we are in per^ 
feet health. What has been called the 
Maladie du Pays of the Swiss, which is cer- 
tainly Adhesiveness, is a feeling of the kind 
I allude to. I may refer likewise to a paper 
of Addison in the Spectator, and to seve* 



55 



ral passages in the poets, 1 wherein this 
feeling is alluded to. It seems to be a 
sentiment connected with a recurrent train 
of early association of ideas. The feeling 
is peculiar, and is more or less tinged with 
the poetical melancholy and pensiveness. 
I have been conscious of this feeling, 
when, during travelling, any accidental cir- 
cumstance has suddenly and unexpectedly 
called to my memory the scenes of distant 
home, or of early childhood. The tendency 
it gives to composition and romantic 
poetry, is one of the reasons why I ascribe 
it partly to Ideality ; as well as because 
it is often accompanied, when violent, with 
a sensation on that part of the head, where 
this organ is seated. But Adhesiveness en- 
ters into combination with it in the pro- 
duction of this feeling. 



1 u Non e il mio nido," (says the poet) " ove nodrito 
fui si dolcemente," 8tc. Refe also to a passage of Virgil 
in the Eclogue of Gallus, where this feeling seems to 
make up one of the associations of love : beginning Saepi- 
bus iu nostris parvam te, roscida mala, &c. 



56 



Organ of Mysterizingness. 

When the part of the brain between Ideal- 
ityand Imitativenessis much developed, per- 
sons are much disposed to be superstitious, 
to have visions, to believe in ghosts, astro- 
logy, &c. Dr. Spurzheim does not deter- 
mine whether this is a particular organ, or 
only a greater developement of Ideality, or 
Hope, or of both. This leads to a common 
query— What makes a distinct organ ? 
The developement of this part gives these 
faculties above stated, and inclines to mys- 
ticism. This orran has made the funereal 
bubo, the ominous owl, and the doctrine of 
sorcery and supernatural prognostications. 
I think, even in Ideality, the functions vary 
according as the foremore or hindermore 
part of that organ is developed ; when the 
forepart of it is most developed, the in- 
tellectual functions, — when the hindermore 
part, the sentiments have, I think, 'more 
mutual influence with it. I submit the 
propriety of the name mysterizingness, be- 
cause it makes people mysterize, and inter- 
pret omens. 



57 



XVII. Organ of Righteousness. 

This produces the sentiments of just and 
unjust; a sentiment quite different from 
that of Benevolence. It is also regarded 
as of a higher order by the people in gene- 
ral. We have a proverb, Be just before 
you are generous. Its external sign is on 
each side of Determinativeness. It is the 
cause of conscientiousness. 



XVIII. Orgaji of Determinativeness, 

Before Haughtiness and behind Vener- 
ation, gives that character of mind, which 
when exerted in a good cause we call per- 
severance, and when in a bad one obstinacy. 
It seems placed in the midst of the feelings 
to strengthen their activity. 



INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES, 



OR 



$i)etst 



©m 



L'ESPRTT. 

THE Intellectual Faculties are divided into 
those whereby we know the external bodies 
and their qualities, and those whereby we 
compare and reflect on them and on our 
other faculties. 

3. KNOWING FACULTIES. 

XIX. Organ of Individuality. 

Situated in the middle and inferior part of 
the forehead just above the nose, between 



59 



the organs of Space, &c. This faculty is 
necessary to the knowledge of the external 
world. It knows objects in their individual 
capacity. Persons endowed with it in a 
great degree have a good memory of facts. 
This organ observes also the faculties of the 
other organs, individualizes objects of sense 
and causes us, I think, to regard the im- 
pressions which the external bodies make 
on the five senses to come from one object. 
This organ is curious to know facts, and 
therefore excites the other organs of the 
knowing faculties and the five senses into 
their active state. I have also conceived 
some other and very interesting functions 
of this organ, which however I shall not 
state, but wait to see if enquiring and re- 
flective persons discover them ; and shall 
be interested to compare their remarks 
with my present conceptions, as from time 
to time, this system becomes more known, 

I must, however, advert to the falsehood 
of a popular opinion concerning the func- 
tions of the five external senses. Many 



60 



persons contend that by these alone we ac- 
quire our knowledge of the existence of ex- 
ternal bodies. Various facts and observa- 
tions have, however, established it as cer- 
tain that this is not the real case. Some 
persons have contended that belief in exter- 
nal existence is a simple act of the mind, 
by which we refer the impression on our 
organs of sense to bodies existing in the 
external world. The celebrated metaphy- 
sician Bishop Berkeley has, as it is well 
known, written a very ingenious treatise on 
this subject, by which he endeavours to 
show that we have no proof of the exis- 
tence of matter, by the sensation of its pri- 
mary, any more than we have by the sen- 
sation of its secondary, qualities. Mr. 
Fearne has of late, in a pamphlet in the 
Pamphleteer, No. IX. given his opinion 
that itis by intellect and not by sensation that 
we have the external perception of bodies. 

We admit that the five senses do not 
produce belief in the existence of the 
external world. They are only instruments 



61 



adapted to receive the impressions of the 
qualities of external bodies, but our con- 
ception of their individual existence is cer- 
tainly another sort of function of the mind. 
But it is a function which depends like- 
wise on material conditions. And we ad- 
mit the Organ of Individuality to be the 
organic apparatus which performs this func- 
tion. This organ desires to know, and 
excites the activity of the organs of sense, 
receives their impressions, and individua- 
lises the object which communicates its 
qualities by means of the five senses and the 
other intellectual organs. I was formerly in- 
clined to regard the compatibility of single 
consciousness with the duplicity of the 
organs as depending on the Organ of Indi- 
viduality. There are some reasons for re- 
garding the commissures of the brain to be 
the cause of single consciousness. It seems 
also possible that it may arise from the 
active state of the two hemispheres of the 
Brain not taking place at once. I do not, 
however, believe this to be the case. I think 
that single consciousness is an effect either of 



62 



the commissures, or that it is produced by 
some other cause not yet known. Of late I 
have been ratherinclined to thelatter opinion. 
The reason which once induced me to re* 
gard Individuality as the cause of the 
single consciousness we had of objects was, 
that it appeared to me that though the 
commissures might cause us to conceive 
as single, qualities of any object conceived 
by two corresponding organs, one in either 
hemisphere, that nevertheless Individual- 
ity and not the commissures must be the 
cause of our attributing to single and indi- 
vidual objects, qualities impressed on diffe- 
rent senses, and known by different organs. 
In short, there appeared to me to be some 
similarity in the function by which we indi- 
vidualised objects acting on double organs, 
and that by which we attributed to indivi- 
dual objects impressions made not only on 
double but on different organs- 

I state this merely as the operation my 
mind went through before, from repeated 
reflections, I arrived at my present concep- 
tions of the operations of intellect, because 



63 



I conceive that what occurs to one person 
may possibly occur to some other, who maj 
be assisted by observing the progress of 
thought in other persons ; to Dr. Spurzheim, 
who rectified many of my imperfect views 
of these subjects, and who has thought 
longer thereon, I refer the metaphysical 
reader ; as he has recently made, in my 
opinion, the most philosophical arrange* 
ment of the mutual influence of Indivi- 
duality in the other Knowing Faculties, 
founded on an accurate observance of the 
connexion between the juxtaposition of 
the organs and the order of thought, with 
respect to our knowledge of bodies. Th# 
Lectures he is now giving contain a most 
beautiful illustration of the physiology of 
this arrangement of organs. 



64 



XX. Organ of Form. 

Next to perceiving the existence of exter- 
nal bodies, the quality which most imme- 
diately strikes us, is their figure. This con- 
ception of the form of bodies is quite dis- 
tinct from that of their other qualities, and 
depends on the activity of a particular or- 
gan. The great development of this organ 
gives a peculiar look to the eyes, whereby 
we can readily distinguish if a person is en- 
dowed with this faculty in a high degree. 



XXI. Organ of Size, 



There must be an organ of size, but the 
place has not been completely established, 
except by reasoning from analogy. I have 
not seen cases whereby to confirm the sus- 



65 



picion I entertain that the place Dr. Spurz- 
heim has given to this organ is correct. 



XXII. Organ of Weight. 



The conception of the weight resulting from 
the solid substance of bodies is yet another 
operation of the mind with respect to them ; 
and it must depend on the activity of a par- 
ticular organ. The place is not precisely 
known at present. I know a person who 
has peculiar pleasure in Mechanics in con- 
sidering different momenta ; and whose 
constant question is, what is the weight of 
such and such a body? His eye has a pe- 
culiar expression. I cannot assert any thing 
positively with respect to this organ at 
present : nor has Spurzheim ascertained 
exactly its place. 



Cran. E 



66 



XXIII. Organ of Colour. 



The eye perceives the impression of light in 
different degrees of strength, and makes us 
acquainted with visible objects, but the 
conception of the relations of colour is an 
intellectual operation, performed bj r a par- 
ticular organ. There are many persons 
who can see, who cannot distinguish differ- 
ent colours from each other, and who are 
found defective in this organ. If a person 
merely misnamed colours, we should have 
no proof that he did not see them like 
other people, and the error of nomination 
might be an error of language. Neither 
have we any proof that where persons 
nominate colours the same, they do not in 
reality see them somewhat differently. But 
w T here persons do not distinguish between 
two decidedly different colours, we are sure 
that there must be a defect of that power of 
the mind, whereby it distinguishes different 



67 



tints ; and we find, conformably to this 
view of the subject, that the organ of 
colour is defective in such persons. 

In persons in whom the organ is strongly 
developed, the eyebrow appears more 
arched in the middle than usual. Cele- 
brated painters, particularly landscape 
painters, who are notorious for fine colour- 
ing, have this arched eyebrow, indicating 
the organ to be developed in a high 
degree. 



XXIV. Organ of Space. 



The conception of space, and of the mu- 
tual position of bodies depend on a par- 
ticular organ. An elevation above the nose, 
over the frontal sinus, and extending upward 
and outward in the forehead, is the external 
sign of its greater developement. Persons 



68 



in whom this organ is large, often 
become good geographers, and sometimes 
manifest a great desire to travel. Migra- 
tory animals, particularly the swallow, are 
endowed with a high degree of develope- 
ment of this organ, and it appears to give 
them the instinct to change their local 
habitation. There may be a periodical 
activity of this organ, which determines the 
time of their migrations. 



XXV. Organ of Order, 

Situated between the organ of number 
and colour, produces arrangement, and dis- 
poses persons to tidiness and order. Clean- 
liness seems also to be the result of this 
faculty. The great want of it contributes 
to slovenliness and unthrifty hood. 



69 



XXVI. Organ of Time. 

Vain attempts have been made by meta- 
physicians to define time. Some have 
considered that we know it only by the 
succession of phenomena, which take place 
in it. We regard it as a primitive concep- 
tion of the mind ; like all other simple ideas, 
it is indefinable. And we believe that it 
depends on a particular organ situated near 
to and more outward than Individuality. 
It acts contemporaneously with order, when 
we contemplate the chronological succes- 
sion of events. I think we endeavour by its 
overstrained activity to conceive eternal 
duration. In like manner, I think we en- 
deavour with the organ of space to con- 
ceive infinite extension. To neither of 
these we know any bounds : but the limited 
sphere of the activity of our organs, pre- 
vents, in my opinion, our arriving at the 
conception we aim at, which Individuality 



70 



makes us endeavour to attain, by exciting 
the activity of the respective Organ of Time 
and Space, This is a conception of my 
own, when I have reflected on what has 
frequently passed in my mind. I think 
it is the Organ of Time whereby we count 
the bars in music, or beat time with a 
drum ; while the Organ of Tune makes us 
play harmoniously and in concord. Some 
persons have one of these faculties without 
the other, and consequently they are only 
partial musicians. 



XXVII. Organ of Number. 



This is the faculty by which we count. 
It exists in very different degrees in different 
persons, and constitutes the essential faculty 
for arithmetic and analytical mathematics. 
Jedediah Buxton, Colburn the calculating 
boy, Sir Isaac Newton, La Place, D'Alem- 
bert, and other great mathematicians, were 



71 



found endowed with this organ in a high 
degree. Its external sign is a fulness and 
downward inclination of the external angle 
of the orbit and the eyebrow. Animals 
seem endowed, in a weak degree, with this 
propensity. Magpies have been said only 
to count three. Refer to Spurzheim's large 
work. 



XXVIII. Organ of Tune. 

It is not the acuteness of the ear, which 
gives the science of music. The relations 
of tone and the laws of harmony are the 
result of a special faculty, which is vulgarly 
termed an ear for music, and it is marked 
by an angular elevation extending upward 
above the eyebrow, between the Organ of 
Colour and that of Number. The eyebrow 
seems somewhat pulled up in this place, so 
that where the respective organs are in 
any degree insulated, the eyebrow of 
the musician is easily distinguished from 
that of a painter or of a mathemati- 



72 



cian. Nightingales are more endowed 
with this organ than sparrows. Investiga- 
tions of comparative anatomy have esta- 
blished the strictest analogy in the dis- 
tribution of the corresponding organs, 
throughout all known orders of animal 
beings. But comparative anatomists, in 
general, have hitherto been inattentive to 
the minute structure of the Brain ; in con- 
sequence whereof, many have denied facts 
which the new anatomists of the Brain are 
capable of demonstrating. 



XXIX. Organ of Language. 

This organ gives two external forms, 
which seem to correspond with two different 
functions of the organ. We do not know, 
at present, whether these two functions are 
performed by different parts of the organ, or 
whether they only result from different affec- 
tions of the same fibres. The external mark 
of a great memory of words is indicated by a 



73 



full and prominent eye, whereas those who 
are fond of the spirit of languages have 
often the eye somewhat pressed downwards. 
Both these functions may exist together, 
and give the eye a compound form. 
Some persons have this organ in a re- 
markable degree : and the celebrated John 
Home Tooke is given by Spurzheim as a 
specimen of the great developement of that 
sign which corresponds to the faculty of 
philology, or brilliant conceptions of the 
spirit of language. The established connex- 
ion between arbitrary signs and ideas has 
made some persons erroneously imagine that 
we always think and reason by means of 
words, which is certainly an errour. It is 
also an errour to suppose with Tooke that 
words are all nouns and verbs. All words 
may, perhaps, be reduced to nouns and 
verbs, because Individuality and the Know- 
ing Faculties were more early active than 
Comparison and consequently reflection. 
Thus all words may be traced to their ety- 
mology ; but particles and some other words 



74 



have subsequently acquired a different 
signification. Thus we see how the etymolo- 
gical researches of Home Tooke may not be 
altogether contradictory to the opinions of 
reflecting persons, who have opposed his 
doctrine on the strength of their own re- 
flection on what passed in their own minds 
in reasoning. I confess myself to have 
been formerly misled by the arguments of 
Home Tooke; but I have been convinced 
by Spurzheim, and the subsequent reflec- 
tions which he has excited, of the truth of 
the above statement, with respect to the 
functions of language. The words which, 
though they have originally been formed 
from nouns and verbs, do not now represent 
them, are in fact significant representatives 
of other faculties of the mind, and not of 
those by which we know external bodies. 
This subject may at first appear obscure, 
but is worthy the attentive consideration of 
the philologist. 



75 



4. THE REFLECTING FACULTIES, 



After we have known the external world 
by the knowing faculties, and believed in 
the existence of external objects by that of 
Individuality, we compare them, reflecting 
on their similitudes and dissimilitudes, and 
regard them in the light of cause and effect 
by an organic apparatus of a superiour 
order. 



XXX. The Organ of Cotnparison 



Is marked by an elevation in the middle 
of the forehead, above the organ of Indi- 
viduality, and below Benevolence. It is 
the faculty by which we make all compari- 
sons. With this faculty we can identify 
objects ; but I have always conceived that 
to absolute identity, the function of Indi- 



76 



viduality is also a necessary adjunct. We 
perceive by comparison of the appearance 
of an object with the remembrance of it, 
that it is identically the same : but Indi- 
viduality then acts to make us conceive its 
identical and individual existence. I feel 
this in my own mind, and that feeling is 
the strongest of proofs to which I can 
aspire. The Organ of Comparison is the 
cause of analogies, and makes us delight in 
metaphors and similies in language. When 
it exists in a very high degree, it causes the 
common conversation of the person en- 
dowed with it to be superabundantly 
figurative. It is an essential ingredient in 
the Will, hereafter to be spoken of. 



XXXI. Organ of Causality. 



Mr. Hume has asserted that we know 
nothing of cause and effect, but by an ob- 
servance of the uniform conjunction of 



77 



Phenomena. We admit that the regular 
succession of Phenomena suggests the no- 
tions that they are connected by catenation 
of causes ; by exciting a particular faculty ; 
but the conception of causation thus ex- 
cited is the result of a particular organ ; we 
have some reason to believe, that this is 
wanting in animals. It is marked on the 
human forehead by a fulness on each side 
of the organ of comparison. This organ, 
says Dr. Spurzheim, asks Why? It produces 
Inquisitiveness into causes, and is a neces- 
sary ingredient in the character of a phi- 
losopher. 



XXXII. Organ of Wit 

Is a faculty perceiving a different sort of 
relation than those which are observed by 
the organ of Comparison ; in short, witty 
relations. Observe the heads of Sterne, 
Voltaire, and others possessed of this 
faculty. Indeed, in Sterne, as he is usually 
drawn, his finger points directly to this his 



78 



strongest organ. It is situated more out- 
ward than the organ of Causality. 

The reflecting organs which constitute 
the true philosophic character ; and com- 
bined with the knowing faculties, when 
developed in a high degree, make an intel- 
lectual mind. — A developement of reflect- 
ing powers is absolutely- necessary to real 
greatness. 



XXXIII. Organ of Imitativeness. 



The power of Mimicry or Imitation, 
which is possessed in so high a degree by 
some persons, as for instance, by Shak- 
speare, and which is necessary for theatrical 
performers in general, is of a peculiar nature, 
and is marked by a prominency of the head 
on each side, between Benevolence and the 
Mysticizingness. Spurzheim calls this a 
faculty sui generis. I think I have observed 
that Mimicry may be divided into voluntary 
and involuntary. Some persons are con- 



79 



tinually imitating the manners of those 
whom they are amongst, who nevertheless 
do not possess the power of voluntary 
imitation, or theatrical mimicr} 7 . 



SECTION V. 
OF THE NATURAL LANGUAGE, 

OR 

Physiognomical Expression of the Organs. 

The popular belief in certain physiogno- 
mical expressions, and the rules of judging, 
laid down by Lavater, whereon many 
persons rely, and which have some foun- 
dation on true observation, render desirable 
a few remarks on the gestures of the body 
and movements of the muscles of the face, 



80 



which correspond to the activity of the 
particular organs. Always corresponding 
to the actions of the organs, these external 
expressions must be compounded where 
several organs act simultaneously. I shall 
merely advert to the external expressions. 
Those who wish an intimate acquaintance 
with them, must study Nature, and ma} 7 
learn the rules by an attendance on Spurz- 
heim's Lectures. They are perceivable, 
more or less, in all persons and all animals ; 
they constitute the characteristic gesticula- 
tions of nations and tribes, and contribute 
principally to the peculiar expressions of 
the countenance and of the muscular 
movements of individuals. Thus, to be 
brief — for the expression of the organs of 
Physical Love or Amativeness, I may 
refer to the backward, reclining, or re- 
cumbent, position, produced by the activity 
of this faculty. 1 — Consult the gestures of a 

1 Multi, qui maximum amoris organum habent, quibus 
prodiga Venus et incompressus copulandi amor, cum ex- 
hausti amore et effaeti sunt, jacere solent supinum, pondere 
pectori superimposito, ut occiput compressum esset pro 
resuscitatione cupidinis. 



81 



female nursing a child, for the expression 
of Philoprogenitiveness. Observe the mo- 
tions excited by Adhesiveness on the 
meeting of two friends ; the shake of the 
hand ; and other modes of attachment. 
Compare tiie contracted features and 
knitted brow of Combativeness in boxers, 
with the open features of Cautiousness, 
when excited by formidable objects ; mark 
the upright walk of Destructiveness, the eye 
of Secretiveness, when squint suspicion 
looks aslant. This is still different from the 
expression of Covetiveness. Nobody can 
mistake the mild look of Benevolence, the 
upward inclination of the eyes in religious 
Veneration, which makes even the savage 
regard God as above him. Who has not 
observed the characteristics of Determi- 
nateness, or the look of Hope, emphatically 
painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds ? The 
Intellectual faculties have also a peculiar 
expression. Do we not shut and press the 
eyes to remember names?— -Does not an 
arithmetician move his eyes outward, and 
his head, backward and forward in calcu- 
Cran. F 



82 



lation? — Does not poetical fancy throw 
the eyes outward and upward ? People 
wag the head backwards and forwards in a 
peculiar manner, in hearing musical tones 
and merry tunes. Observe a remarkable 
example in the Pandeans at VauxhalL 
Does not Sterne put his finger on the organ 
of wit? — In short, there is an expression 
corresponding to the activity of every organ, 
to which the eyes are often turned w r hen it 
is in action, and which we frequently 
stimulate into action, by the external appli- 
cation of the fingers, and whose activity we 
denote by the manner of holding the head. 
Vain would be the attempt to describe 
on paper this accurate natural language. 
The curious inquirer must attend to Nature 
for himself; but Dr. Spurzheim's Lectures* 
where he speaks of Expression, must be a 
fund of entertainment to those who are 
fond of physiognomy. 

Thus has been determined in some mea- 
sure by the physiologist of the brain, the 
relation between physiognomy or the ex* 
ternal expression of the muscles, and the 



83 



place and physiology of the organs. Thusj 
therefore, has been reduced to definitive 
principles, founded on physiological and 
anatomical investigation, what Lavater was 
incapable of determining from observation 
on manners alone ; but of which he had a 
sufficient glimpse to form for himself, in many 
cases, a tolerably just notion of persons. 

It must be remembered, that, excepting 
idiots, all the organs are in some degree 
possessed by all persons. They are useful, 
and constitute the nature of Man. It is 
irregularity in the comparative develope- 
ment, which leads to abuses, and requires 
the influence of morality, and the coercion 
of law. The organs may all be exercised 
by education, which makes this an import- 
ant function of Man, regarded as a social 
being. They may be separately or generally 
disordered ; hence the influence of a 
knowledge of them in the treatment of 
insanity. Lastly, Punishment must be 
adapted to the particular wants and dis- 
positions of individual culprits ; hence what 



84 



important improvements the correction of 
miscreants may derive from such an inti- 
mate knowledge of character as this system 
leads to. These must become separate 
considerations. 



SECTION VI 



Of the Application of th4 new Zoonomy 
to Education, founded on the Supremacy 
of the Will. 

In the foregoing sketch of the discoveries 
of Gall and Spurzheim, respecting the brain, 
I have ventured to affirm positively, that 
the anatomy of that organ given by them is 
correct ; because I have not only seen it 
demonstrated by Spurzheim, but have dis- 



85 



sected it myself after their peculiar way, 
and my dissections have corresponded with 
those of these industrious anatomists. 

With respect to the places and functions 
of the organs, the test of time and long ex- 
perience alone can fully establish to the 
public the truth of these peculiar opinions. 
For my own part, I have not yet met with 
a case of exception to the rules, though I 
have been active in pursuing this science 
for a long time past. With a view, how- 
ever, to encourage persons in the investi- 
gation of these interesting facts, I shall 
conclude this brief account with an ex- 
amination of some of the most useful results 
of such an accurate criterion of natural 
character as it tends to establish. 

One of the most important consequences 
of the establishment of these physiognomi- 
cal rules will be its influence on the educa- 
tion of youth. Education may be divided 
into physical, or that which regards the 
bodily fabric ; and moral, or that which ap~ 



86 



pertains to the cultivation of the character. 
With regard to physical education, I must 
observe, that it is much neglected in general. 
The organs of the mind, like all other parts 
of the animal fabric, are nourished by the 
digestive processes, and often fall sick or 
strengthen with the rest of the body. 
Though there may be a few exceptions in 
certain specific diseases, yet in general the 
mens sana must ever be in corpore sario. The 
greatest care should therefore be taken that 
young persons be temperate, and in the 
constant habits of exercise in the open air. 
I believe that one reason why geniuses who 
spring up from the common people, and 
make their way into the literary and 
scientific world, so often exceed others in 
mental attainments, to be, because from 
their early habit of bodily activity the 
organs acquire a strong and active consti- 
tutional character. 

Moral education may be considered in £ 
twofold capacity : — 1. That of exercising 
the intellectual faculties; and 2. That of 



87 



regulating the moral character. They both 
proceed on the supposition that Man has 
a Will to control his propensities and 
other faculties; and that his Will is in- 
fluenced by motives. We admit a Will 
regulated by motives ; and deny that the 
propensities are necessary and incontrolable. 
As all the faculties of the mind have organs, 
it may be asked, what are the organs of the 
Will ? The organ of Individuality, which 
knows things, and regards them in their 
individual capacity; the organ of Com- 
parison, which compares them, and gives, 
therefore, a choice ; and the organ of 
Causality, which perceives the relation of 
cause and effect, produce a will, observe, 
compare, and control the other faculties, 
and influence the instruments of voluntary 
motion. 1 . I have called these three organs 
the Board of Control. W T hen the organ of 
Righteousness is the dictator, and its dictates 



? These organs know and compare, and therefore giye 
the choice for the volition. , 



88 



acquire supremacy in counselling the Will* 
a moral conscience is established. 

To return to Education. The application 
of the Physiology of the Brain to the edu- 
cation of youth, comprising the cultivation 
of the intellect, and regulation of the moral 
character, is founded on the proof we have 
already obtained from experience, that we 
can ascertain from the external form of the 
head, the relative developement of the differ- 
ent material conditions of the faculties,which 
will enable us to apply an education suita- 
ble to the peculiar wants of the individual. 

I. With regard to the intellect. Edu- 
cation consists in exercising the faculties. 
Phrenology, by pointing out the strongest 
faculties of individuals, will assist us in 
choosing professions for youth agreeable to 
their particular genius ; and teach us, 1st, 
to cultivate those faculties, in the exercise 
whereof he is likely to become eminent : 
or, 2dly, to give additional excitement to 
those which, though naturally weak, may 



be roused into comparative exertion by the 
excitements offered by education. 

II. With regard to the moral character. 
In education we shall be enabled by learn- 
ing the indications to see where, from a pre- 
ponderance of some particular faculty, there 
is greater necessity for a counteraction by 
the excitement of the antagonist faculties. 
We learn also how the superiour sentiments 
ought to control the lower propensities ; 
and how the organs of the Will should in all 
cases be exercised early, to give them the 
greatestrange of power over the propensities. 

We learn also another important branch 
of education in observing, that to strengthen 
and render habitual any good feeling, as 
Benevolence for instance, we must not only 
inculcate it, but must expose the child to 
objects of charity, and enhance it by setting 
before him instances of compassion. The 
same applies to all other faculties we wish to 
strengthen ; we must call them into action 
by means of their proper objects. Thus 
Zoonomy comprises the sentiment which the 



90 



wise have held in all ages, of the inefficacy 
of precept when compared with example, 
as an incentive to moral excellence. 

How r much genius lays buried in obscuri^ 
ty, performing the meanest of employments, 
for want of being brought forth, and receiv- 
ing opportunities of qualifying itself for 
higher functions in society ! What benefit 
would result to society, should we be ena- 
bled to make a just election of objects in 
youth, to be placed in situations capable of 
ripening their naturally energetic faculties ! 

It may be useful to speak briefly of the 
passions by their vulgar names, and of the 
simple or compound actions of the organs, 
which are the cause of them ; since the 
passions are more familiar to people in 
general, than any new names for the prim- 
itive faculties. 

The sexual passion, as I have before re- 
lated, is the result of the proper and inde- 
pendent activity of the cerebellum or orga£ 



91 



of Amativeness. In animals it is very simple; 
in Man, much compounded with other 
associations. When this organ acts in 
association with the organ of Adhesiveness, 
love is the consequence : Ideality frequently 
further enhances and gives a romantic 
character to this passion. Many other as- 
sociations may be established. Thus, in the 
human subject, this, as well as other 
passions, is very compound. 

What is called Anger is an affection of 
the organ of Combativeness ; when perpe- 
tuated by Determinateness, and unchecked 
by Benevolence, the consequence of the 
activity of this organ is often Revenge. 

Fear and Terror are degrees of the activ- 
ity of the organ of Cautiousness ; Circum- 
spection is a more slow and salutary affec- 
tion of it. The same organ is doubtless the 
seat of Anxiety and Melancholy. Hypo- 
chondriasis, when it includes the timor letki, 
timor orci, or any other fear, is a morbid 
affection of the same organ. In hypochon- 
driasis, Ideality often fosters many imagin- 



92 



ary and whimsical fancies, caused by the in- 
ternal activity of organs, to which Cautious- 
ness adds as many fears and perplexities. 
A disordered state of the digestive organs 
irritates the brain, and disturbs the tran- 
quillity of its functions; and in persons pre- 
disposed by organization, excites the strange 
nervous fears alluded to. The organ of 
Cautiousness is likewise partly the cause of 
Horror ; this, however, is a compound feel- 
ing, and has not as yet been accurately 
defined and analyzed. I think that Bene- 
volence enters into combination with Cau- 
tiousness and some other organs, in the 
production of this passion. 

The organ of Haughtiness is the seat of 
Selflove and Pride; Modesty is Cautious- 
ness and Benevolence ; perhaps Approba- 
tion sometimes enters into it. Jealousy is 
Covetiveness and Haughtiness; the objects 
of Jealousy varying—at different -times 
Amativeness, Approbation, &c. enter into 
it : without Righteousness, or moral checks, 
this passion becomes Envy. Shame is 
Cautiousness and Philappropriativeness. 



93 



Hope and Faith are the result of BelieV- 
ingness. Superstition, or at least the dispo- 
sition to it, is caused by the mystic organ ; 
or that part of the brain between Ideality, 
Imitation and Hope. With regard to the in- 
tellectual faculties also, the combinations 
of greater developement, and consequently 
mutual influences, form the characters. 
Thus the organs of Space and of Number 
are necessary to the astronomer* That of 
Music and (I think) Time, to the musician. 
Ideality, Comparison, Order, &c. to the poet. 
In all, the reflecting faculties are essential 
to greatness, and should be early exercised. 
In all, the more of the knowing faculties we 
have, the larger our views of the world are. 
And finally it is desirable to have the great- 
est number of perfect organs, and it becomes 
an object to give what we have the greatest 
excitement to activity by early exercise, 
All the facts are sufficiently proved by ex- 
perience. A whole volume might be written 
on the functions of each organ, and many 
on the compound affections. In fine, as all 
the primitive and compound affections of 



94 



the human mind are produced by the simple 
or conjoined actions of one or more organs, 
so we see how the particular organization 
lays the foundation of the diversities of the 
human character, which education by its 
exercising and ripening the faculties still 
further varies. Thus we see why national 
character of mind is connected with a ge- 
neral outline of national form of the head. 

We must never forget, when we consider 
education, that character has a compound 
cause; 1st. Innateness, or the original struc- 
ture and comparative size of the different 
organs; and 2d. The manner in which the} r 
are educated. Neither, in education, should 
we overlook the effects of bodily illness 
on the mind, by means of its altering the 
tone and activity of the organs. Education 
being, then, the exercise of the organs, we 
see why precept seldom improves so much 
the moral character as example ; and. why, 
in both moral and intellectual attainments, 
those persons succeed best whose native 
genius has been called forth early by acci- 



95 



dental excitements to action. We see, too* 
how right it is in general to let young per- 
sons follow the bent of their genius ; and that 
the great developement of any particular 
organ should direct the choice of studies to 
those who desire to excel in their particular 
professions. 

The study of partial genius is very in- 
teresting ; it leads to several important con- 
siderations respecting the origin of the arts 
and sciences. AVhen an organ is large, 
it remembers well, executes, and often 
composes on the subjects of its particular 
function. Thus Mozart would under almost 
all circumstances have been a musician ; 
J. Buxton everywhere a calculator. But if 
an organ be extremely large and active, then, 
it seems, it may originally conceive its pro- 
per science. Building, music, painting, and 
many others, seem to have originated in the 
accidental great developement of the parts 
of the Brain in certain individuals who were 
born into the world from time to time, and to 
whom the sciences have been thus as it were 
revealed. We have on record such numer- 



96 



ous proofs of the energetic conception and 
desire of building, making music, calculat- 
ing, coloring, and so on, corresponding to 
the great developement of the parts of the 
brain allotted to those sciences, that no 
doubt is left of the fact. Indeed, the whole 
history of the new doctrine of the Brain 
from its commencement, and the anecdotes 
of facts which support it, are so interesting 
that I hope Gall or Spurzheim will some 
day publish a chronological history of 
the science. A few of the facts which 
support, and which caused originally the 
local division of the brain into the parti- 
cular organs, are stated in Dr. Spurzheim's 
recent work ; and many more are related 
in the lectures. But the reason why all are 
not stated is, that they are so numerous as 
to render such a detail only tedious to 
general readers ; and cases of exception to 
the rules never having been brought forth 
by any of the adversaries of the doctrine, 
nor discovered to exist, such a detail is quite 
unnecessary. Every day has added expe- 
rience ; and every marked case has furnished 



97 



new proofs to me since I first studied the 
science. . I have even been surprised myself 
at the correctness of pronunciations of cha- 
racter, which has appeared from external 
signs, when I have heard from parents, 
schoolmasters, &c. of the correspondence 
between what the organs indicated, and 
their known habits of mind. My friend, 
Dr. Leach, who has also paid particular 
attention to the subject, has expressed the 
same. Gall and Spurzheim consider from 
their long experience, that the external in- 
dications of character are established be- 
yond all doubt. Thus, as in animals we 
consider their actions as arisins; from their 
particular instincts ; so now we regard 
those of men as arising out of more com- 
plicated instincts, influenced by sentiments 
and intellect of a higher order. 

From the establishment of the above 
statements, which time may either ratify or 
bury in oblivion, we must expect great al- 
terations in the education of youth. We 
shall see, too, that absurd doctrine explod- 

Cran. G 



98 



ed, which teaches, that a man of genius may 
employ his talents with equal advantage in 
different pursuits. We shall see, that 
though men may all be trained to obey the 
dictates of religion and morality, and to 
subserve to the laws of their country, yet 
they cannot think, feel, reason, or act exact- 
ly alike ; and that we must cease to mea- 
sure other people's minds by our own, and 
erect a standard of perfection on our own 
particular feelings, which is, in fact, to make 
an idol in our own image. For Nature 
operates everywhere on a principle of diver- 
sification, and is active in producing innu- 
merable varieties of form ; no two are alike 
anywhere. Thus is the mind lost in the 
contemplation of a principle of variety and 
infinite combination, on which the Creator 
exerts his power, as far as we know, through 
infinite space, and for time eternal. 



99 



SECTION VII 
Of Punishment. 



Phrenology will lead to important conside- 
rations regarding criminal punishment ; 
particularly in houses of correction. It will 
enable us to distinguish, not only between 
those who have naturally strong evil pro- 
pensities, from those whom distress or other 
contingencies may have hurried on to 
crime; but will point out the particular 
nature of many evil propensities to be cor- 
rected. It is hoped that the learned authors 
of this system will more fully develope, in 
some future publication, its particular ap« 
plication to punition* 



iOO 



SECTION VIII. 

Of Insanity. — Conclusion. 



In Dr. Spurzheim's recent work, he has 
said, adverting to the treatment of lunatics, 
and the places of their confinement, that 
they may more properly be called mad 
houses than houses for madmen. The 
treatment of insane persons is certainly at 
present very defective, and often disgusting 
to humanity. The discoveries of Gall and 
Spurzheim seem really to promise some 
amelioration of their medical treatment. 
They constitute the only scientific source of 
knowledge about the varieties of these in- 
teresting kinds of diseases. I have seen 
many instances of persons mad in organs, 
which may happen to be the strongest some- 
times; for example, pride, religion, and 



101 



others. A very large development of the 
organs of ideality frequently, under circum- 
stances of disordered action, at present 
little known, produces the strange imagi- 
nations of some madmen. 

I think that already something has been 
done towards the elucidation of insanity, by 
the new discoveries into the brain. In 
the first place, the sculls of madmen are 
found to be much heavier, and of a more 
dense kind of substance than those of sane 
persons. This thickness and weight is pro- 
bably produced by the action of slow and 
continued inflammation of the cerebral parts, 
and of the scull, by that sympathy, which 
is known to exist between the containing 
and contained parts. I do not yet know, 
whether partial insanity has produced 
thickness of the particular part of the scull 
immediately over it. How little had 
hitherto been done in the history of these 
disorders ! How much to be done, now that 
we have a clue to their varieties in the dis- 



102 



covery of the independent existence of 
different faculties. 1 

The disproportionate development of 
different organs explains the tendency of 
certain persons to particular kinds of 
visions and superstitious opinions. In- 
deed, dreams and visions are explain- 
able by Phrenology. In dreams, cer-* 
tain organs are awake, while others sleep. 
People often dream on subjects which 
their strongest organs incline to. Painters 
dream of pictures ; people with the organ of 
colour large, have visions of colours. How 
is the organ of colour affected in ocular spec- 
tres? These things can only be hinted at 
present. Volumes might be well bestowed 

1 The exact meaning of this expression can hardly be 
well understood by those who have not studied the ana- 
tomy of the nervous system. Indeed, throughout these 
observations I have felt a great deal of that difficulty of ren- 
dering my meaning clear, which, from never having learnt 
the English grammar, or studied elocution, I always fee! 
in expressing my thoughts on paper. The reader must 
make these allowances, and study for himself the subjects 
to which these remarks point. 



103 



on the natural history of these sorts of 
phantoms of the mind. And a complete 
history of Insanity should trace every va- 
riety compared with the organization, tem- 
perament, and external excitement of the 
patient, from mere dreams and visions, up 
to the fixed mania of incurable madmen, 

I must here observe, that the term Luna- 
cy seems to have originated in an observa- 
tion of the periodicity of disorders of mind* 
This is not mere fancy, though the place of 
the moon does not appear to be the imme- 
diate cause. There are certain periods 
which disorders observe; and indeed, in 
general, there is a periodical irritability 
more extensive than is generally imagined 
in people ; the cause of which is at present 
unknown. Dr. Spurzheim has noticed it 
in his work; Darwin has described many 
cases ; popular language and opinion con- 
firm it. And I noticed it, and put down 
many observations on the supposed nature 
of its cause in varieties of atmosphere, in 
my ' Researches about Atmospheric Pheno- 






104 



mena/ I beg leave here to call the atten* 
tion of Philosophers to the following cir- 
cumstance. At the periods of irritability 
alluded to, I have noticed a very unusual 
arrangement of the clouds, indicating, I 
think, a great disturbance in the atmosphe- 
rical electricity. The singular distribution 
of the electric fluid in the atmosphere, I in-* 
fer, often occasions the multiform and ever- 
changing configurations of the clouds, par-* 
ticularly the Cirrus ; for these are now ad- 
mitted to be electrical phenomena. 1 

I may in conclusion advert to the meta- 
physical results of the recent investigations 
into the physiology of the organs ot animal 
life, with a view to lead to that compre- 
hensive system of the philosophy of the 
mind, which is the legitimate deduction 
from premises which an examination of 
these functions has established. It tends to 
show, 

" I must refer to my Researches about Atmospheric 
Phenomena, Baldwin, and Co. London, second Edition 5 
and to Cabanis Rapport du Physique., &c. 



105 



1. The nature and limits of the influence 
of external impressions in the production 
of our ideas ; which result, 1st, from the 
reaction of the organs in consequence of 
external impressions, adapted by nature to 
them, constituting perception — or, 2dly, 
from the inherent or internal activity of the 
organs, acting by themselves without ex- 
ternal impressions, or from some internal 
stimulus, constituting variously, as modi- 
fied by mutual influences, and by the 
nature of the internal action of the original 
conceptions of particular genius ; which 
are, as it were, revelations of sciences and 
arts, from the great size and activity of 
particular organs. This consideration also 
explains visions and dreams, which are the 
consequence of the internal activity. In- 
deed, a very curious history of the varieties 
of dreams, and other internal affections, 
might be made from considering what 
prgans are active in different cases, and by 
noticing the effect produced towards wak- 
ing, when the organs of the reflecting 
powers begin to act. 



106 



2. We see from the physiology of the 
organs, the nature of true and false percep- 
tions. True ideas or perceptions result 
from the conformity of the action of the 
organs to the nature of the impressions from 
without, to which they are adapted. Me- 
mory, — a repetition of actions originally 
excited by external things. Imagination, 
— new combinations produced by the in- 
fluence of a distinct and separate faculty 
on other organs. Genius, or original com- 
position, — the great internal activity of an 
organ : this is influenced more or less by 
the organ of ideality, &c. And lastly, we 
see that false ideas or impressions must be 
referred to irregular or disordered action of 
the organs, which disordered health and 
misguided education may excite on an or- 
ganization, erroneous in* the proportionate 
development of the different organs. This 
leads to the consideration of the different 
mental derangements hereafter to be spoken 
of. 

3. The physiology of the organs shows 
where metaphysical philosophers were right, 



107 



and where wrong, in certain opinions ; 
explains the relation between the Berkleian 
philosophy, which denies external matter, 
and the materialism of Priestley. In other 
words, we hereby see where was the defect 
of consideration in the disciples of Kant, 
who were divided about objective and sub- 
jective reality. Long before 1 became ac- 
quainted with the new physiology of the 
Brain, these subjects engaged much of my 
attention, and I felt convinced, that a radical 
difference in the conformation of the mind 
must be the cause why certain people only 
regarded the objectivity, and others only the 
subjectivity ; and why others saw clearly 
the reality was the result of the reaction of 
the impressions of the object on the sub- 
ject. I know persons who are defective in 
the organ of Individuality, who, when they 
are ill of nervous affections, have told me 
that they have felt as if the external world 
did not exist, but that all ideas were en- 
tirely within themselves. All these things, 
however, must now be superficially treated 
as varieties of insanity, as connected with 
particular organization and established 



08 



mutual influences. — I mention these facts 
in a has^ and imperfect manner : they will 
become the subjects of future consideration 
of persons more qualified. 

There is a secret pleasure the mind feels 
in contemplating the progress of knowledge; 
and those who regard the system of Phre- 
nology in the light which its authors do, 
will rejoice, that in this wilderness of error 
and ignorance, the thirst after knowledge 
is at length excited ; and hope that it may 
prevail through the world, and that it may 
be quenched at the fountain, which first 
flow r ed in Germany, and is spreading its 
streamlets around. 

I can only conclude by encouraging 
others to the same patient investigation of 
facts, which led me to embrace this system 
of Anthropology, that the beneficial results 
may be generally felt, since now the tyrants 
and bigots, which awhile ago oppressed the 
earth, can no longer resist the propagation 
of truth — and at a time when Philosophy 



109 



will at length exert her influence over the 
world in peace. 



SECTION IX. 

Of the ultimate Achievements of the Ana- 
tomy and Physiology of the Brain, and 
of its Limits, 

It is constantly asked in examining any 
new doctrine, what ultimate good will re- 
sult from it. It has been the constant 
question proposed to me, by those who 
have heard me discourse of the anatomy 
and physiology of the Brain. I have con* 
stantly replied, that an intimate knowledge 
of the human character communicated in a 
language which cannot speak falsely, will be 
the immediate consequence of a general 
knowledge of such facts as we already know, 
relative to the external indications of cha- 
racter, I have also said that we shall make 
use of this knowledge for the improvement 



110 



of the education of young persons, for the 
reformation of miscreants, and for the 
medical treatment of the insane. What is 
already known will contribute, in a very 
eminent degree, to the accomplishment of 
these desirable objects. It may be proper, 
however, to advert to the probable results 
of a still more intimate acquaintance with 
the primitive faculties of the mind and their 
respective organs, and the laws which regu- 
late their mutual influence on each other. 
We do not, at present, know much about 
the mutual influence of the organs ; but 
our knowledge of the subject is rapidly ad- 
vancing. 

There is one thing, of which there 
still remains some doubt, and which it 
is of great importance to know ; namely, 
what effect may be produced on the phy- 
sical development of the different organs 
by external compression, and by the agency 
of other physical means. I have already 
stated, that education which is the most 
important object of this system is twofold, 
moral and physical, because the character 



Ill 



has a compound origin ; firstly, the original 
development of the different organs, and 
their mutual influences ; and secondly, the 
activity into which they are called forth by 
discipline. I have already spoken of the 
means to be adopted for the improvement 
of the latter, by adapting a mode of educa- 
tion to the particular bias of original genius, 
or by giving additional activity to the 
organs naturally defective in developement. 
But I should think the most important 
cause of character was innateness, or the 
physical developement of the organs. To 
have children, therefore, with energetic 
organs developed in the proper proportion 
to each other, is the primary and most 
essential object which we must have in view, 
when we are desirous to improve society 
by the generation of energetic and good 
characters. At present we only know of 
one means of attaining this desirable end ; 
namely, by intermixing the breed of per- 
sons, as farmers and horse-breeders do that 
of animals. As it can only be the philo- 
sophic part of mankind, who would choose 



l!2 



females in marriage on this principle ; and 
as the bulk of the people will be regulated 
more by their particular desires than by 
any views towards the amelioration of so- 
ciety, it would be desirable to acquire other 
means of modifying physical character. 

If, by compressing certain parts of 
the head in infancy, we could really 
diminisht he developement and the activity 
of particular organs, and thereby give 
greater energy to others, we should have 
another means of altering the physical 
condition of character. It has been as* 
serted that the Caribs alter the form of 
their foreheads by external pressure. This 
fact is by no means proved ; and if it was 
proved the question would return — Has the 
alteration thus artificially produced in their 
forms diminished the developements of the 
organs compressed, or has it only caused 
them to expand in a different direction, and 
thus destroyed the external indications 
without really affecting the character? 
But it may be observed, that the 
character of a Carib corresponds with 



m 



the form of the head ; a circumstance 
which brings the question into a smaller 
compass. For having ascertained thaH the 
exterior form of their sculls corresponds 
with their character, it only remains to be 
ascertained how that form was produced. 
We have no reason at present for think- 
ing, that it is produced by external pres- 
sure, as the accounts of these people are 
extremely vague and indefinite. I have 
asked persons who have travelled, con- 
cerning the manner of the alleged ex- 
ternal pressure, without obtaining any ac- 
curate information ; and Dr. Spurzheim 
has examined many more people than I 
have on this subject with as little success. 

I must again recommend those who 
wish to enter deeply into this Very 
curious branch of the subject* to make 
themselves intimately acquainted with 
the primitive faculties and their external 
indications by a regular attendance on the 
demonstrative Lectures of Dn Spurzheim ; 
and I must further add that in the few lec- 
tures I have of late given to my friends on 

Cran. H 



114 



this subject, I am conscious of such a defi- 
ciency of examples brought forward, and 
of so few sculls exhibited and com- 
pared, that those persons who may think 
they have obtained an accurate knowledge 
of the subject from them, will be much de- 
ceived if they think they - can apply the 
principles to practice, unless they enhance 
their knowledge by a more extensive exa- 
mination. Every day has added to my 
own experience some new fact ; and though 
my attention has of late been almost ex- 
clusively directed to the anatomy and to 
the physiology of the brain in general, I 
am still occasionally deceived at first sight, 
about the proportionate developement of 
some of the organs, particularly where they 
are not insulated. Those, therefore, who 
have but slight acquaintance with this sub- 
ject, made during the attendance at a few 
Lectures, must not conceive that the indi- 
cations are unsatisfactory and vague, be- 
cause they cannot yet read them. And I 
trust they will not do this doctrine harm in 
the opinion of others, by fancying they can 
yet pronounce accurately on character ; as 



115 



Some persons have done, who have induced 
by-standers by their erroneous judgments to 
consider the whole doctrine of indications as 
false. I am conscious how much before me 
Spurzheim is advanced in power of pro- 
nouncing on the organs ; and I am 
further conscious how very limited and 
imperfect are the views which people in 
general have taken of the subject, who 
have only given it a superficial examination. 
I mention this from a belief that persons 
who confess themselves to have knowledge 
of the external indices of character, will do 
more harm by one erroneous pronunciation 
than by five thousand confessions of ina- 
bility to read the external tokens. 

To revert to our anticipations of what 
may yet be done by an active pursuit of 
this science, I must observe that before 
we study the compound affections of the 
organs, we must know well their primitive 
functions. Having ascertained what facul- 
ties are primitive and what are compound, 
the next object of research is, their mutual 
influences, We .cannot know the laws of 



116 



these till we first observe in a greater num- 
ber of cases, what mutual influences actual- 
ly exist ; and what connection is observed 
between them, and the relative size of the 
different organs. 

If we consider that the differences of 
character consist in different proportions 
of thirty three organs, and that in the pro- 
duction of character, any of these thirty 
three organs may bear any proportion to 
any of the rest, we shall arrive at some 
idea of the immense series of combinations 
which form the physical basis of character, 
and of the consequent difficulty of the 
subject. 

By constant perseverance, we shall 
arrive at more certain methods of deter- 
mining character than we have at present ; 
and consequently of applying a suitable 
education in infancy. I can see, however, 
certain limits of our knowledge in this re- 
spect. There are many curious and un- 
usual affections of organs, which must be 
referred to idiosyncracy, and there are cer- 



117 



tain mutual influences of a nature, which 
appear on a superficial view quite unex- 
plainable on the usual principle of the posi- 
tion of their respective organs. We may 
probably never discover the cause of these, 
neither I think shall we ever know the mov- 
ing principle, which during life is the cause 
of the active or living state of our organic 
apparatus. Nearer this we are not than the 
ancients were, we have no means of know- 
ing it. The constant desire of certain 
minds to comprehend causes has filled the 
world with numberless theories of life and 
mind, which contradict each other, and show 
the futility of enquiry wherever direct evi- 
dence is wanting. We are contented to 
leave untouched these investigations. We 
do not find that we are constructed by na- 
ture to accomplish our wishes on this sub- 
ject : we prefer reasoning only on facts, and 
are contented with what nature has per- 
mitted us to know. We are now in some 
measure conscious of the limits of our 
enquiries, and do not recommend indul- 
gence in wild and metaphysical specula- 
tions, which all sober philosophers have 



118 



always eventually given up as futile ; and 
which we are sure will not only be attended 
with disappointment in the fancied accom- 
plishment of their objects, but will divert 
the mind from the discovery and apprecia- 
tion of the truth. 

The adversaries of our doctrine have pot 
been inactive in bringing arguments against 
it. This is only what might naturally be ex- 
pected. We never could suppose that 
persons would be convinced in a short time 
of doctrines, which are not only new and at 
variance with many popular opinions of 
philosophers and schoolmen, but which 
have resulted from such a laborious investi- 
gation of facts, and such a series of reflec- 
tions, as few have had opportunity or 
inclination to make. And though we 
only wish to excite a fair investigation 
of their truth by persons qualified for the 
task, and desire to hear all rational ob- 
jections : yet we wish to be understood, 
before we are controverted ; and are only 
displeased to hear objections in propor- 
tion as they are the result of miscon- 



119 



ception in persons who are unwilling to be 
at the trouble of investigating these state- 
ments. I have felt myself a great reluct- 
ance to admit the truth of the doctrines as 
they were originally published by Gall ; 
and although some previous notions which 
I entertained about the functions of the 
mind, made me soon embrace as proba- 
ble the Philosophy of the new doctrine ; 
yet nothing but a patient examination of 
the particulars both respecting the A natomy 
and Physiology of the Organs could have 
given me such a clear view of the subject 
and its different bearings, as now enables 
me to pronounce, however rash it may seem, 
that our doctrine is absolutely incontrovert- 
ible by any metaphysical arguments. And 
that it remains for our adversaries to show, 
if they can, that the alleged facts on which 
it is founded are false, 

We only solicit persons to convince them- 
selves of their truth by examination, and to 
suspend their judgments on our doctrines 
till such an examination has been made. 



120 



The organology has frequently been ridU 
culed ; but ridicule is no test of truth, 
and may be employed on any subject and 
for any purpose, An abundance of appa- 
rently irrelevant arguments have also been 
brought forth. There has been such a re- 
iteration of objections, all obviously arising 
from want of due attention to the subject, 
that I can readily anticipate their reoccur- 
rence as different persons begin to acquire 
some knowledge of this system. In con- 
clusion, I must repeat that the principal 
thing we wish is adequate examination and 
reflection on the part of philosophical per- 
sons. 

When I reflect myself on the progress 
which the Anatomy and Physiology of the 
Brain has made in so short a space of time a 
I feel really surprised that the object which 
philosophers for ages have laboured to estab- 
lish — systematic principles of the Philosophy 
of Mind, should be brought in a few years to 
such perfection. And whenever I indulge 
in leisure from the active pursuit of the 
subject, I reflect with wonder on its origin 



121 



^nd progress, and anticipate with pleasure 
the beneficial influence it may exercise 
pn society. 

I here insert the Letter of my friend Dr. 
Leach, above alluded to. 1 



( f My Dear Forster, 

" Having heard that you arc 
e< preparing an analysis of Spurzheim's Physiological 
" System of the Brain, I am induced to write a few 
<f hasty lines on the subject of his doctrine. 

W Certain Anatomists in London, (and one in Edinburgh,) 
" have absolutely denied the truth of Dr. Spurzheim's 
" observations on the structure of the Brain, and have 
" pronounced them to be fanciful. These assertions 
" have not been made by those who have seen him 
" dissect the brain, but even by those, who from illibe- 
" rality or from idleness, are not inclined to investigate 
u the subject, and therefore have ridiculed as false, 
P what they are too indolent to examine. After a 
W minute investigation, I do not hesitate to pronounce, 



1 The reader will find an interesting series of Notes, 
laken from Dr. Spurzheim's lectures, in the Philosophical 
Magazine ; and in the Star Newspaper. 



122 

" that what Dr. S. has asserted respecting the struo 

" ture of the brain, is perfectly correct, and that this 

" structure may be seen by any anatomist, who may be 

" disposed patiently to examine that organ, after the 

" mode directed by Dr. Spurzheim. 

u Respecting the indications of the propensities and facul- 
u ties, named organs by Drs. Gall and Spurzheim, 
" I am of opinion, that certain manifestations are satis- 
" factorily proved to exist, that others are rendered 
€t probable, and that the remainder are extremely 
" fanciful, not being in any manner supported by evi- 
" dence. 

• I believe that a developement of the crown of the head 
u is a certain indication of moral feelings— That a de- 
tc velopement of the upper part of the forehead indicates 
" a reflecting mind, whilst a developement of the lower 
lc part manifests a disposition to acquire knowledge ; 
" and that a developement of the whole forehead, (as 
" every one must have observed,) indicates a strength of 
<e the intellectual faculties in general. 

" From actual and repeated investigation, I am disposed 
" to admit Nos. i, ir, vi, vn, vm, ix, xi, xn, 
" xin, xvi, xvin, xxvn, xxviii, of Dr. Spurzheim, 
" as decided marks of the propensities, sentiments, and 
" faculties, so marked ; and that Nos. v, x, rxiv, 
" xxx 1 1, and xxxin, are probable signs; whilst all 
" the other numbers seem to me to want evidence of 
" their indications, which have not in the slightest degree 



12S 

f* been proved by substantial cr even by plausible con- 
" jectural evidence. 

f ,' You well know, that truth is my sole aim, and that if 
" any part of the doctrine be disproved by sufficient 
" evidence, I shall be as readily disposed to relinquish, 
" as I have been to admit, the truth of certain parts of 
ff the system. 

" J remain, Dear Forster, in haste, 
" Yours, very truly, 

" WM. ELFORD LEACH." 

British Museum, 31st Jan, 1815. 



^emotr 



o* 



PHYSICAL EDUCATION 



I have already advised the reader of our 
opinion that the organs of the mind are 
produced, repaired, nourished and liable 
to decay and disease, in a manner similar to 
that of other nerves and other parts of the 
body. To convey, however, to those who 
have not maturely surveyed the subject be- 
fore, an adequate idea of the effect and im- 
portance of physical health, I may advert 
to the general view I have of the nature of 
vital actions in general ; and to certaia 



135 



sympathies observed in the animal ma- 
chine. 

First, Sensation is a property of the Brain 
and Nervous System alone. Where the nerv- 
ous communication is cut off, there is no 
sensation in any part, and where there is no 
Brain, there is no consciousness. Conse- 
quently, sensation of pleasure or of pain 
is in the Brain and Nervous System. 
All the pleasant and the painful sensations 
of which an animal being is conscious, 
whether they be of that sort commonly re- 
ferred to the body, or of that higher charac- 
ter which we designate by the name of 
mental operations, are actions of the Brain 
and Nervous System. Excitability and vi- 
gilance are the result of this activity, torpor 
and sleep are inactive states of the Nervous 
System and of the Brain. 

In inflammation of the skin, or any part of 
the body, we have an exaggerated sensibility 
of the nerves and consequent pain ; so in 
phrenitis, we have excessive excitability of 
the organs of the brain, and consequent 



126 



madness, and irregularity of thought. The 
contrary states are, in the nervous system,, 
torpor and numbness, in part from com- 
pressed nerves or from confusion : in the 
brain, stupor, and abolition of thought, as in 
concussion or pressure of its organs. Par- 
ticular nerves of the body, and consequently 
the functions of parts to which they are dis- 
tributed, may be deranged independently 
of others. So in the brain, particular organs 
being separately deranged, their respective 
faculties are abolished or perverted. 

Again, inflammation of various parts of 
the body produces often thickning and con- 
densation of substance. In like manner, 
when the faculties of the mind are deranged 
in madness, a slow and a constant inflamma- 
tion of the organs of the Brain is inferred 
from effects extremely similar to those ad- 
verted to. We find the sculls heavier and 
denser than those of sane persons. . The 
Brain itself too has been said to be harder 
in its substance. Some have maintained 
that the blood in the head is the cause of 
nervous diseases. Analogy' leads us to re- 



127 



fer to the particular activity of the Brain 
and nerves, all those effects in disease and 
in health, which can only be referred to the 
blood as secondary in the chain of causes. 

Finally, health of body is a pleasurable 
•feeling of the whole nervous system of the 
body in general, resulting from the commen- 
suration of excitement to the natural exci- 
tability of the nerves. Analogous to this is 
the mental pleasure of sanencss, which re- 
sults from an excitation of the organs of the 
mind proportionate to their nature and 
powers. True perceptions are the result of 
this accurate adaptation of the parts of the 
Brain to the stimulus from without which 
excites them. The contrary states are, in 
the nervous system of the body, illness from 
morbid activity, producing either overexci- 
tation or lassitude, and weariness; in the 
organs of the Brain, painful affections or 
ideas, ennui or want of excitement, and 
erroneous perceptions of mind. I think it 
results from the above premises, that all the 
diseases of animal existence, whether mental 



128 



or corporeal, numberless as the sands of thg 
shore, and various in their effects as the in- 
finite shades and combinations of colour, are 
to be referred ultimately to varieties in the 
morbid affections of the organs of the Brain* 
and of the Nervous System of the body. 
An opinion which in my mind cannot be 
shaken though it may be perplexed by the 
mysterious obscurity which overhangs the 
decided character and identity of symp- 
toms in some, the whimsical variety in 
others, the strange laws of the remote sym- 
pathies which extend them to distant parts 
of the body, or the multiform stimuli which 
excite them in a manner at present un- 
known ; or the various medicines which 
counteract and cure them by a mode of 
operation of which we are at present con* 
fessedly ignorant. 

We must not be misled by the osten- 
sible affections of particular parts in dis- 
eases, as of the sanguiferous vessels* 
in inflammation. For all these, like the 
natural actions and natural secretions of the 



129 



parts in health are under the influence of 
those powers which we have abundant rea- 
son to regard as the primary and essential 
conditions of animal life. 

Rewarding then the Brain and Nervous 
System as constituting the essential con- 
ditions of life, and as being the cause either 
of health or of disease, according to their 
different affections, we see how important, 
in a medical point of view, is the minute 
investigation of the structure and physiology 
of every nerve, and of the mutual influences 
of each on the rest; comprehending those 
mysterious laws of associated actions, where- 
by diseases occur in parts or organs remote 
from those, whose injury or disorder prima- 
rily disturbs the healthy condition of the 
animal fabric, and which are commonly re- 
ferred to sympathy. The effect of poisons 
operating on the extremities of nerves, or by 
means of introduction into the blood, on the 
whole body, and the nature and causes of all 
diseases must be sought for in affections pri- 
marily of the Brain and Nervous Sys- 

Cran. I 



130 



tern. At present we know almost nothing of 
diseases but their symptoms, and some of the 
cures which experience has pointed out. The 
science of medicine is however admittedly 
capable of improvement, and experience and 
analogy are the means of improving it. But 
every experiment will have more weight if 
contemplated with a correct view of the 
general principles of life. Our knowledge 
of the minute structure and functions of 
parts and of the laws of association are 
necessarily imperfect, but we have already 
sufficient reason to ascribe all the vital 
actions to the Brain and Nerves. I believe 
no physiologist will deny this now-a-days. 
Considered then in no other point of view 
than that of investigating the structure and 
functions of the instruments of all vital 
actions ; the inquiries we are pursuing are 
of the greatest importance to physiology. 

Various attempts have been made from 
time to time by anatomists to explain sym- 
pathies in diseases, by the internal struc- 
ture and arrangements of the nerves.. 
Anatomists have even supposed central 



131 



points of union in the brain, and have 
filled books with theories of this kind 
founded only on supposition. But on 
the other hand many anatomists have 
now rejected, as absurd, principles of the 
same kind, which we admit as causes of 
many hitherto unexplained phenomena 
both in health and diseases, merely because, 
from their being originally founded only on 
facts, and pursued without a view to any 
particular theory, they have shone in the 
native lustre of truth, unperplexed by the- 
oretical fancy, and have thus been extended 
and have led to the explanation of pheno- 
mena of mind, for which hypothetical philo- 
sophers had never before been able to assign 
any plausible cause. Believing, however, 
that we actually have sufficient proof that 
all the faculties of animal existence, whether 
bodily or mental, have material conditions 
in the Brain and Nervous System ; and that 
all the diseased actions, which they are liable 
to, are subject to constant and general laws 
of action, we are solicitous to submit the 
curious facts whereon this opinion is 
founded, discovered by Gall and Spurzheim, 



132 



to the judgment of those who will take the 
trouble patiently to learn them, and to 
publish from time to time with the same 
view the further observations which we are 
daily making. But those who are ignorant 
of the facts, and who will not take the 
trouble to learn them, are incompetent to 
judge of their bearings, and consequently 
incapable of giving an opinion of the va- 
lidity of the doctrine. 

To return to sympathy, I may observe 
that there are various sympathies, which 
may be possibly traced to organic causes 
that are demonstrable ; such for example as 
ganglia, and other nervous communications. 
There are however many of the causes 
whereof we are utterly ignorant ; but which 
must depend on some general laws, which 
constant assiduity by future inquiries may 
illustrate in course of time. I believe none 
of the attempts already made to explain re- 
mote sympathies have succeeded. I shall 
endeavour to excite attention to this im- 
portant subject by adverting to a few well- 



133 



known disorders of the Nervous System, 
which occur in consequence of disorders 
of remote organs in the body. Whence 
we shall see the high importance of 
physical health to mental strength and 
activity; and also the great attention we 
ought to pay to the diet and habits of 
children. 

When the digestive organs are out of 
order, we find that the head always sym- 
pathises more or less with them. If the 
stomach be loaded, and the peristaltic 
action weak, the thoughts do not flow with 
their accustomed activity. An habitual 
state, therefore, of plethora and of defec- 
tive digestion, which may be the conse- 
quence of too much food, may induce in 
young persons habitual dulness and inac- 
tivity of the Organs of the Brain. The 
immediate sympathy of the Brain with 
the stomach is illustrated by the various 
effects produced by green tea, by wine, 
and by poisons taken into the stomach, 
Every thing which stupifies the Nervous 



134 



System and Brain by plethora, or which 
exhausts the energy by too great excite- 
ment, must lead when habitual to an im- 
perfect performance of the functions of 
the mind as well as those of the body. 

Disorders frequently begin, primarily, 
in the organs of the mind. The prema- 
ture developement of nervous parts renders 
them weak and less durable than those 
w T hich have been seasonably matured. 
To exert therefore the organs of the Brain 
too early, particularly when there is any 
premature developement, is injurious. We 
often see too early geniuses, for this reason, 
disappoint the sanguine expectations of 
those, who have rashly exercised too soon 
the faculties of those hopeful prodigies. So 
complex is an animal being, and so diversi- 
fied is nature, that we might expect, in a 
great number of cases, to find in many an 
incommensurate developement of certain 
parts of the machine : these may be too 
weak or too energetic for the rest; and 
thus we have a foundation for the determi- 



135 



ftate seats of diseases in the comparative 
weakness of parts, which may be excited 
into morbid action by sympathetic causes, 
particularly disorders of the digestive 
organs ; which from being more exposed 
to violence, from the unnatural manner in 
which we stimulate them, and from the 
great connection which must necessarily 
exist between such important organs and 
the Brain, are constantly the source of 
sympathetic diseases; which people, judg- 
ing of only by their ostensible symptoms, 
attribute often to local and consequently 
erroneous causes. 

Disordered action in the organs of the 
Brain may produce disorders of the diges- 
tive organs, which by reaction may aggravate 
and perpetuate the state of disorder al- 
ready excited. The influence of the organs 
of the Brain in susceptible persons on the 
stomach and bowels, and thereby on the 
general health, must be familiar to every 
body. How often is Anxiety, or the vio- 
lent and distressful affection of the organ of 



136 



Cautiousness, the cause why food does not 
digest, and the patient wastes away ? How 
often bad news or sudden anger destroys 
the digestion of food recently taken, and 
produces sickness and loss of appetite. 
Particular organs have, too, a sort of spe- 
cific effect in sympathies. Does not Shame, 
(or Philapprobativeness and Cautiousness,) 
determine the blood to the face in blushing ? 
and does not Fear, which is Cautiousness 
acting alone, drive the blood from it ? 
These are associations which appear to be 
established, but of the cause of which we 
know little at present. 

Various examples might be adduced, 
both of the power of the organs of the mind 
over health of body, and of the effect of 
disorders primarily excited in the viscera 
on the organs of the mind. From whatever 
cause or combination of causes the viscera 
become diseased ; they affect, in various 
ways, the organs of the Brain and other 
parts by Sympathy. I shall conclude by ad- 
verting to a few of these sympathies, and by 



137 



adding a few remarks on the advantage of 
a healthy state of the viscera, as a means 
of preventing the disordered, and giving the 
greatest degree of activity to the healthy, 
actions of the organs of the faculties of the 
mind. 

In madness it has been observed that the 
particular character of the false ideas has 
a decided connection with the organization 
of the afflicted person. Thus, when the or- 
gan of haughtiness has been much devel- 
oped in mad persons, they have fancied 
themselves kings, emperors, Jupiter, or other 
great personages. When to this organ that 
of veneration has been highly developed, 
their minds have received a religious ten- 
dency, and they have supposed themselves 
saints and elect persons. I could advert to 
several cases of this kind. 

Similar phenomena attend less determined 
sorts of insanity. When the Nervous Sys- 
tem is violently irritated and the reflecting 
powers weak, the morbid irascibility, the 
sullenuess, the melancholy, and the fancies 



138 



of hypochondriacism, seem determined in 
their nature by the proportion of different 
organs. Particular states of visceral dis- 
order, aided by externalcircumstances, often 
excite these derangements of mind ; which 
subside when the digestive functions are 
again healthy. 

There can be no doubt that melancholy 
is an affection of the organ of cautiousness. 
I allude now to constitutional melancholy, 
as distinguished from grief or depression, 
occasioned by loss, or other external cir- 
cumstances. 

If we analyse melancholy, we shall find 
the dread of some evils, either real or imagi- 
nary, to be an essential characteristic of the 
disease. This fear and anxiety is evidently 
an effect of an irritated state of the organ 
alluded to. The whimsical subjects of terror 
often imagined, result from the morbid in- 
ternal activity of the intellectual faculties, 
but the sentiment of fear attached to them 
must be the action of its proper organ. 



139 



Disorders of the digestive organs keep up 
nervous irritability and weakness, and 
thereby maintain such unnatural action of 
the organ alluded to, as I have stated to 
constitute hypochondriasis and melancholy. 

Conformably to this view of the subject 
we have observed, that persons endowed 
with a large organ of Cautiousness are more 
disposed to this disease, as well as more 
liable to feel common fear and anxiety 
than those are in whom other organs pre- 
ponderate. But disorders of the digestive 
organs excite even in the same person, at 
different times, very dissimilar symptoms. 
Coughs, rheumatism, headache, convul- 
sions, cutaneous eruptions, and numerous 
other complaints seem to follow as the 
sympathetic consequence of a very similar 
state of disorder in the chylopoietic viscera. 
Consequently, we must admit either that 
there is something different in these visceral 
disorders which we do not discover, or that 
there are other states of the Nervous Sys- 
tem which determine the precise nature 



140 



of those secondary symptoms in diseases, 
which apparently similar disorders of 
the chylopoietic viscera seem primarily to 
excite. x 

The ancients denominated depression of mind by re- 
ference to black and irritated secretions of the bile ; we 
may consult Hippocrates, Galen, Celsus, and others. — 
u The remarkable dependence of sensorial and mental dis- 
turbance on a disordered state of the abdominal viscera, 
appears to have been well known by the earliest writers 
on medicine, in the infancy of science. It is a doctrine 
frequently alluded to by the poets of old ; and its origin 
seems lost in the night of history. Modern physiologists 
have developed the counterpart of this important branch 
of the ancient pathology, and have pointed out the imme- 
diate sympathy of the viscera with diseases and injuries of 
the head, and with anxiety and agitation of the mind. 
This is, perhaps, the proper place to introduce to the 
reader's notice a habit which is often productive of the 
most calamitous consequences, as it tends to illustrate what 
has been said above. A person suffering from a temporary- 
loss or disappointjnent, has recourse to the use of wine or 
spirits, the stimulus of which affords a momentary relief 
from mental sufferings. A disordered state of the digestive 
organs is, however, invariably the consequence of such 
practices, which, reacting on the sensorium, increases the 
mental disorder, and gives it a peculiar character. The 
patient, now, is not only distressed about the original sub* 
ject of grief, but takes atrabiliary views of every surround- 



141 



In disorders of the organs of digestion, 
all the viscera partake, probably, more or 
less in that irritation and depravation of 
function which generally prevails ; but one 
organ may be more affected than another. 
I believe the degree in which hepatic irri- 
tation occurs, and which is marked by 

ing object. The constant habit of drinking, by weakening 
the digestive powers,, predisposes the viscera to disorder ; 
and by this means renders them more liable to be affected 
by the mind, and to react on it to the aggravation of the 
original disturbance. Thus spirituous and fermented liquors 
can convert common grief, which in health would soon 
subside, into a compound of mental and bodily derange- 
ment, which, by its very nature, must be aggravated in its 
progress, which may produce organic disease, may thereby 
become incontrollable by medicine, and may eventually 
terminate in madness. Such cases sometimes happen 
where no spirits or wine have been drunk. A reverse of 
fortune, disappointment in love, or some trivial disappoint 
ment, has been known to derange the minds of persons 
comparatively temperate, and who could not be suspected 
of excess : but even in these cases, disorder of the digestive 
viscera, from whatever cause or combination of causes in- 
duced, seems to be a principal feature in the malady. To 
the reaction of the body on the mind we must attribute 
effects so obviously incommensurate to their apparent 
causes." See an Essay u On Fermented Liquors, by a 
Waterdrinker." 



142 



depravation or want of bile, is frequently 
the measure of the irritable and melancholy 
affection of mind. There seems, therefore, 
a general sympathy of the whole constitu- 
tion with the organs of digestion ; and a 
particular sympathy of the Brain with 
the liver, especially the Organ of Cau- 
tiousness. This particular sympathy, de- 
pendent on some established laws of 
nervous influence, explains why persons 
may be in some degree melancholy, in 
whom the requisite organization is small. 
And it shows, what we find also by expe- 
rience, how much the symptoms are en- 
hanced by an organization favourable to 
the disorder. 

In Hypochondriasis, we must distinguish 
the erroneous perceptions, which are a 
morbid activity of the intellectual organs, 
from the sentiments of fear and an- 
xiety, of hope, or other feelings which 
act with them from Cautiousness, *&c. 
Just in the same manner we must dis- 
tinguish in health. — Ideality only gives the 
romantic feelings of the poet. His imagi- 



143 



nations of places, forms, colours, heroic 
actions, analogies, &c result from his intel- 
lect active in producing internal ideas, and 
forming new combinations. In the same 
manner the visions, ghosts, and omens seen, 
and the imagined voice of angels heard by 
mystic people, are the internal activity of 
the intellectual organs : for they are visions 
of some form, colour, &c. But the Organ 
of Mysterizingness joins the mystic senti- 
ment, and we attach to them ideas of future 
consequences. It reads in them ominous 
predictions, and with Ideality and Believ- 
ingness, makes us discover in these ima- 
gined beings, the prognostications of good 
or evil, the prophecies of future desti- 
ny. For similar feelings about future events 
are excited whether it be by imaginary 
beings, as ghosts and phantoms, or by real 
existences, as crows, ravens, owls, and other 
ominous creatures, to which the Organ of 
Mysterizingness and the mythology of anti- 
quity have attached ideas of mysterious 
and supernatural influences. 1 

1 I have sometimes thought that many different sympa- 



144 



On the laws of association and mutual 
influence must depend the occurrence of 
these peculiar sentiments, cotemporaneously 
with the ideas or perceptions of particular 
objects. Modified in every person as infi- 
nitely as the shades of countenance, and de- 
pending on laws at present unknown, they 
must become the interesting subject of fu- 
ture inquiry. But we must eventually seek 
for their causes in the organic arrange- 
ments of the Brain, and in the different 
modes of its action. 

It seems to me a curious circumstance 
that physicians, who so clearly saw and 
admitted melancholy and hypochondriasis 
to be diseases of the bodv, should have 
regarded more determinate madness as a 
disease of the mind. These terms, however, 
were indefinite : at present we must regard 
both ; in short, all diseases where the mental 

thetic affections might be produced according as different 
parts of the alimentary canal were affected by irritative 
matter, moved by the peristaltic action through the intes- 
tines. 



145 



functions are deranged, as diseases of the 
Brain, either sympathetic or idiopathetic. 
Finally, all the various disorders of mind 
depend on the modified disorders of the 
organs, whose particular faculties are de- 
ranged. Thus have we a clue to the defi- 
nition and natural history of insanity, a 
thing so long and so much wished for. 
And thus I hope that current opinion is 
counteracted which many held, that the 
disorders of the mind were a class of mala- 
dies whose cause we could never ascertain : 
because they had not hitherto discovered 
them by means of their imperfect dissec- 
tions of an organ whose structure they 
did not understand, and of whose special 
faculties and their seats they had not the 
slightest conception. 

We see from the above statements the im- 
portance of physical education, or the care 
of our bodily fabric, secured by upholding a 
healthy state of the digestive organs, and 
by a salutary exercise of all the parts of 
the nervous system. We see also that 
moral education is in reality the exercise 
Cran. K 



146 



of physical organs ; and that whatever that 
principle is whereby the organs act, and 
whereby we become beings conscious of 
ourselves and of the world, its pretended 
diseases depend on erroneous actions of 
the material conditions of the faculties. 
These views of nature do not do away 
moral good and evil; the} 7 have no ten- 
dency to materialism,, or to the doctrine of 
necessity; they cannot militate against moral 
conscience and responsibility for actions, 
or in any way support the arguments of 
atheists, or affect the interests of religion. 
But, on the contrary, they coincide more 
with the opinions of those who, discarding 
the subtleties of scholastic philosophy, have 
regarded evil as within ourselves, but capa- 
ble of controul by the superiour faculties. 
Finally, it has been shewn, that our doc- 
trines are favourable to the operation 
of moral laws, because they shew the 
natural limits and proportion of activity of 
every faculty, and point out means in-edu- 
cation of approximating towards perfection^ 
by subjugating the propensities common to 
men ana animals to sentiments and intel- 
lectual faculties which are proper to man. 



147 



Some persons have objected to our use 
of the newly formed names, instead of 
those before in popular use. But these 
old terms were used in various meanings 
and did not define so precisely the primi- 
tive faculties of the mind, as they were 
capable of being defined by a new set of 
terms. Dr. Spurzheim, therefore, con- 
structed a new nomenclature for this 
purpose, founded on the idiom of the En- 
glish language. In thus making a system- 
atic nomenclature, only a few new words 
were made, the major part were in use be- 
fore. Dr. Spurzheim has given the reasons 
of this nomenclature in his own work. I 
adopt them for the same reasons, and have 
ventured in a few cases to substitute others 
on the same principle of more clearly defin- 
ing the primitive faculty. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



Page 
Preface . . , v 

Introduction . . 9 

SECTION I. 

Of the General Principles . 13 

SECTION II. 
Qf the History of the Discoveries , . 21 

SECTION III. 
Of the Anatomical Structure of the Brain . 24 

SECTION IV. 
Of the Material Organs of the Manifestations of 

the Mind . . .31 

Of Gemiith, or L'Ame : divided into Propeiv* 
sities and Sentiments. 

Of the Propensities. 



I. 


Organ of Amativeness . ♦ 


. S3 


II. 


Organ of Pliiloprogenitiveness 


. 36 


III. 


Organ of Inhabitiveness 


• 39 


IV. 


Organ of Adhesiveness 


. ib. 


V. 


Organ of Combativeness ■ 


. 4Q 


VI. 


Organ of Destructiveness , 


. 41 


VII. 


Organ of Consti uctivenes§ 


. 43 


VIII. 


Organ of Covetiveness 


. 45 


IX. 


Organ of Secretiveness 

Of the Sentiments. 


; 4$ 


X. 


Organ of Haughtiness 


47 


XL 


Organ of Philapprobativeness 


. * 48 


XII. 


Organ of Cautiousness ♦ 


. 49 


XIII 


Organ of Benevolence 


. 50 


XIV 


Organ of Veneration 


. ib. 


XV. 


Organ of Believingness 


b% 



149 



XIX. 

XX. 

XXI. 

XXII. 

XXIII. 

XXIV. 

XXV. 

XXVI. 

XXVII. 

XXVIII. 

XXIX. 



XXX. 

XXXI. 

XXXII. 



XVI. Organ of Ideality . . 53- 
Organ of Mysterizingness . . 56 

XVII. Organ of Righteousness . . 57 

XVIII. Organ of Determinativeness . ib. 

Intellectual Faculties, or G heist, or L' Esprit. 

Knowing Faculties. 

Organ of Individuality . . 58 

Organ of Form . . 64 

Organ of Size . ib. 

Organ of Weight . . 65 

Organ of Colour . . 66 

Organ of Space . . 67 

Organ of Order • . .68 

Organ of Time . . 69 

Organ of Number . . 70 

Organ of Tune , . .71 

Organ of Language . • 72 

The Reflecting Faculties. 

Organ of Comparison • . 75 

Organ of Causality . . 76 

Organ of Wit . * 77 

XXXIII. Organ of Imitativeness , . 7$ 
SECTION V. 

Of the Natural Language, or Physiognomical Ex- 
pression of the Organs . . 79 

SECTION VI. 

Of the Application of the New Zoonomy to Educa- 
tion, founded on the Supremacy of the Will . 84 

SECTION VII. 

v Of Punishment . • .99 

SECTION VIII. 

Of Insanity.— Conclusion • • 100 

SECTION IX. 

Pf the ultimate Achievements of the Anatomy and 

Physiology of the Brain, and of its Limits . 109 

Memoir of Physical Education » .124 



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